Concretely, colonial policies in Africa were driven by economic Essay

Concretely, colonial policies in Africa were driven by economic factors and not by concerns about the type of society colonial rule would bring about. Discuss - Essay Example This is what came to be known as the "Scramble for Africa". Many historians debate on the reasons as to why European nations rushed to establish colonies and territories in Africa, finding it hard to agree upon a single cause. One thing is very clear though; the colonial policies in Africa were driven by economic factors and not by concerns about the type of society colonial rule would bring about. Colonialism, whether it was by the Belgian, British, German, French or any power was not supposed to be a kind enterprise. The reason behind colonialism was one: exploitation of human labor and economic surplus accumulation. Consequently, capitalism did not spare labor exploitation even if it took spilling blood so as to fulfill the agenda. Britain developed and became a post-industrial nation with financial services increasingly becoming important in its economy. The financial exports kept Britain going, especially its capital investments based outside Europe. The surplus capital was profitably invested not in Britain but overseas, where abundant raw materials, limited competition, and cheap labor made bigger premiums possible. Imperialism inducement arose due to raw materials demand, unavailable in Britain and Europe. These included rubber, copper, tea, cotton, and tin. In Africa, the European’s capital investment was relatively little compared to the other continents. The companies which were involved in commerce were not relatively big, apart from De Beers Mining Company owned by Cecil Rhodes, who carved out north and south Rhodesia for himself and his company, as did King Là ©opold II with the Congo Free State and later Belgian Congo. Europe was experiencing an economic depression during the late 1800’s.as a result, the colonial governments did not have enough for spending on economic development, political administration, and social programs in their new colonies. A policy was formulated for the colonies to â€Å"pay for themselves.† In

Summary of The forces that turned Baba around Essay Example for Free

Summary of The forces that turned Baba around Essay The history is about the 16-year-old Babatonte, or Baba as his friends call him. He went at St Aloysius college in Highgate. He havent had an easy childhood and that has effected his education. When he was 12, he had been suspended from school about 5 times. Every time he was suspended from school, he only saw it as holyday. Baba describes him selves as a bad boy there vandalising school property, truanting and getting into figths. At the first year of college, Baba had alot of problems. But later on he went to his second year at college. His plan for the future are being an actor. He has just been in a movie at the college that went out very good. The students are spending 2 days a week learning how to, climb a rock, sail a canoe and camping. And they also have been taught first aid, how to cook and carpentry. In the tekst about Baba and in tekst two Coming of the ropes, is the attitude possitive. Childrens with problems cant be pushed, like every other childrens, but instead they need help. They need to get some self-confidense. In tekst three, called The single bullet that broke a communitys heart, and in tekst four, called Out on the streets, the kids are scared too, the two teksts have a bad attitude, but they mean that young children can be good if they just have some places to be and to chill out, instead of doing it at public places. Comment on the statement Boys are useing more violence than word, rather than girls who are useing more words than violence. Girls are generally better to express their feelings and talk about their problems. Boys cant express their feelings as good as girls, and they are getting a feeling, that they are been defeated, if they are talking about their feelings. Some of the things that could be keeping teenagers out trouble is if the young people maybe has a bad childhood, I think something there could help them, would be if there were some adults there could help them from they were kids, then there would? be any kind of troubles in their youth. Another thing there could also help the teenagers out of trouble could be if there were several after school centers. If there were several after school centers, then the young peoble/teenagers had somewhere to go instead of being on the streets and public places. The last thing I can imagine that could help, are if their weekday were getting a little bit diffrent, so they dont have to sit and make schoolwork all day, but maybe got some interest in for example sport.

Not All Conspiracies are Imaginary Essay -- Conspiracy Theory Theories

Not All Conspiracies are Imaginary Almost as an article of faith, some individuals believe that conspiracies are either kooky fantasies or unimportant aberrations. To be sure, wacko conspiracy theories do exist. There are people who believe that the United States has been invaded by a secret United Nations army equipped with black helicopters, or that the country is secretly controlled by Jews or gays or feminists or black nationalists or communists or extraterrestrial aliens. But it does not logically follow that all conspiracies are imaginary. Conspiracy is a legitimate concept in law: the collusion of two or more people pursuing illegal means to effect some illegal or immoral end. People go to jail for committing conspiratorial acts. Conspiracies are a matter of public record, and some are of real political significance. The Watergate break-in was a conspiracy, as was the Watergate cover-up, which led to Nixon's downfall. Iran-contra was a conspiracy of immense scope, much of it still uncovered. The savings and loan scandal was described by the Justice Department as "a thousand conspiracies of fraud, theft, and bribery," the greatest financial crime in history. Conspiracy or Coincidence? Often the term "conspiracy" is applied dismissively whenever one suggests that people who occupy positions of political and economic power are consciously dedicated to advancing their elite interests. Even when they openly profess their designs, there are those who deny that intent is involved. In 1994, the officers of the Federal Reserve announced they would pursue monetary policies designed to maintain a high level of unemployment in order to safeguard against "overheating" the economy. Like any creditor class, they preferred a deflationary course. When an acquaintance of mine mentioned this to friends, he was greeted skeptically, "Do you think the Fed bankers are deliberately trying to keep people unemployed?" In fact, not only did he think it, it was announced on the financial pages of the press. Still, his friends assumed he was imagining a conspiracy because he ascribed self-interested collusion to powerful people. At a World Affairs Council meeting in San Francisco, I remarked to a participant that U.S. leaders were pushing hard for the reinstatement of capitalism in the former communist countries. He said, "Do yo... ...; Wade was quickly contradicted from the audience by Jack Ruby, who claimed that Oswald was a member of the leftish Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Del Valle, who was one of several people that New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison sought out in connection with the JFK assassination, was killed the same day that Dave Ferrie, another suspect met a suspicious death. When found in Miami, del Valle's body showed evidence of having been tortured, bludgeoned, and shot. 3 The bankers of the Federal Reserve System print paper money, then lend it to the government at an interest. Kennedy signed an executive order issuing over $4 billion in currency notes through the U.S. Treasury, thus bypassing the Fed's bankers and the hundreds of millions of dollars in interest that would normally be paid out to them. These "United States Notes" were quickly withdrawn after JFK's assassination. 4 See Mark Lane, Plausible Denial; Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK? (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991). For testimony of another participant see Robert Morrow: First Hand Knowledge: How I Participated in the CIA-Mafia Murder of President Kennedy (New York: S.P.I. Books, 1992).

Keeping Marine Mammals in Captivity Essay

Problem (2 Points) Does captivity affect the overall health and behavior of marine mammals? Research (2 Points) Wild Animals Habitat: Open ocean Diet: Krill Behavior: Friendly Captivity Habitat: Tank of ocean water, replicated to appear like the ocean. Diet: Krill caught in the ocean, fed three times a day. Behavior: Friendly to other mammals within the tank. Hypothesis (4 Points) If we keep marine animals in captivity for over a year, then their health and behavior will be negatively impacted. Procedure (4 Points) 1. Set up area in both wild and captive areas for testing. 2. Choose the same marine mammal for both the wild and captive area to test. 3. Tag and assess health of the wild marine mammal. Asses the health of the  captive mammal. 4. Monitor mammals for a year. 5. Record their behavior with detail and accuracy. 6. Asses health and behavior of both mammals after one year. Analysis (4 Points) The animals in captivity appeared to be healthier and friendly to their tank mates. They were fed organic krill and were fed regularly, but were very nervous and slightly hostile to outside animals once they were exposed. The animals that were not in captivity fed on their own time but were not necessarily unhealthy. They were not hostile to other mammals and peacefully coexisted with other mammals in the ocean. Conclusion (2 Points) My results did not support my hypothesis. The mammals kept in captivity were healthier than the mammals in the wild, due to controlled setting, and regular nutritious diet. However their behavior was negatively impacted. They were nervous and somewhat hostile towards the wild mammals once exposed to the wild. Grammar/Spelling (2 Points) Once you complete designing your own experiment, check the assignment for directions on how to submit your final product to your instructor.

Agriculture and Industrialisation

The topic of agriculture and its role in industrial and urban development has long been studied by economic theoreticians. According to Nam, Dang and Hainsworth (2000), there are three important theoretical schools that have been particularly influential after World War II, and which differ considerably in the ways by which each presents the relationship between agriculture and industry, in regards to the process of industrialisation.These are: â€Å"the role of agriculture in industrialisation†, â€Å"‘big leap’ into industrialisation and urbanisation†, and â€Å"harmonious links in the development process† (Nam, Dang, and Hainsworth, 2000, http://www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-33149-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).In 1965, John Mellor and Bruce Johnston reported that a successful agricultural sector is an important element in the industrial development and rapid growth rate of a nation’s economy. According to Johnston and Mellor, the five key roles of agriculture are: ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"to supply cheap foodstuffs and raw materials for the urban/industrial sector†; ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"to export farm products to earn foreign exchange which could be used to finance technological and material imports for urban and industrial development†; ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"to release labour to provide the work force for the industrial sector†; ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"to expand the domestic market for industrial products†; and ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"to increase domestic savings to be used to finance industrial expansion† (Nam, Dang, and Hainsworth, 2000, http://www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-33149-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).Also in 1965, Simon Kuznets verified the role of agriculture in industrialisation by way of commercial transactions.According to Kuznets, the agricultural sector supplies other sectors within and outside the country with products such as â€Å"foodstuffs, industrial raw materials, labour, capital, and markets† that are necessary for industrialisation (Nam, Dang, and Hainsworth, 2000, http://www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-33149-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).But despite the fact that these authors emphasised the importance of agriculture, their hypotheses also highlighted the need for a restructuring of the national economy, decreasing the share of the agricultural sector in the GDP (gross domestic product) and in the work force, and boosting the industrial sectors.Developmental strategies were usually geared towards the maximum utilisation of agricultural resources to augment industrialisation and urban expansion. In the matter of utilising agriculture to support industrialisation, the existing theories were unable to provide insight into how this can be made possible.La Grande Encyclopedie Francaise stated in 1986 that â€Å"The industrial revolution is accompanied by a general urbanisation and the gradual death of rural civilisation† (Nam, Dang, and Hainsworth, 2000, http://www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-33149-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).In 1992, Hainworth observed that the conventional economic theories of the West, as established from the development of the UK and other European nations as well as the rapid industrialisation of North America, often places the agricultural sector in the position of â€Å"Cinderella† or slave to the indulgent â€Å"ugly stepsister† demands of industrialisation.In W.W. Rostow’s The Stages of Economic Growth, the author affirms that Western countries have achieved such advanced stages of development that their experience should be emulated by other countries.According to Rostow, the growth of an agricultural sector in an industrialising setting should be carried out concurrently based on four approaches: â€Å"economic, spatial, sociopolitical, and cultural – industrialisation, urbanisation, internationalization, and Westernisation†   (Nam, Dang, and Hainsworth, 2000, http://www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-33149-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).Somewhat akin to this viewpoint are the opinions of several Western theorists in A Future for European Agriculture. Their theories tended to downplay the role of agriculture in industrialisation. According to them, the agricultural sector in Europe is primarily geared only towards the production of food.Thus, on the road to industrialisation, the only way to preserve economic growth is to considerably trim down the agricultural work force. As a rule, an impartial cutback on the agricultural work force and an augmenting of the industrial and urban-services labour force are expected trends in countries undergoing the process of industrialisation.Nevertheless, it is also important to remember the aforementioned key roles of agriculture. Another vital aspect not to be forgotten is that a country cannot simply make a â€Å"big leap† from being primarily agricultural into instantly becoming industrialised.There are stages between the two that simply cannot be bypassed, as evidenced by the experiences of developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Afric a. Owing to lack of consideration for the agricultural sectors, there have been instances where the negative ramifications of rapid industrialisation have been felt in some countries.In certain African, Asian, and Latin American nations, the consequences of making a â€Å"leap† towards industrialisation have included widespread shortages in foodstuffs, sudden migrations into urban centres that have led to poverty and overpopulation, and abrupt scarcities in the necessary products for industrialisation.British economist E.F. Schumacher, in his 1973 publication Small is Beautiful, stated that for true economic development to be attained, â€Å"an entirely new system of thought is needed, a system based on attention to people, and not primarily attention to goods† (Nam, Dang, and Hainsworth, 2000, http://www.idrc.ca/geh/ev-33149-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html).He postulated that sufficient attention on the agricultural sector must be paid, especially in developing countries where th e majority of the economy is dependent on agriculture and where the bulk of the work force is in the agricultural profession.

Fainting Goat Facts

Fainting Goat Facts The fainting goat is a breed of domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) that stiffens when startled. Although the goat may fall over and appear to faint, it remains fully conscious in a state of myotonia. Since it doesnt actually faint, the animal is properly known as the myotonic goat. Fainting goats have a hereditary disorder called myotonia congenita. Although the goat freezes when panicked, it suffers no harm and leads a normal, healthy life. Fast Facts: Fainting Goat Scientific Name: Capra aegagrus hircusCommon Names: Fainting goat, myotonic goat, falling goat, Tennessee goat, stiff-legged goatBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 17-25 inches tallWeight: 60-174 poundsLifespan: 15-18 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Originally from Tennessee, USAPopulation: 10,000Conservation Status: Not Evaluated Description Fainting goats are a breed of small meat goats (heavily muscled). A typical adult ranges from 17 to 25 inches tall and weighs between 60 and 174 pounds. The breed has distinctive prominent eyes set in high sockets. While the most common fainting goat coat color is black and white, the breed occurs in most color combinations. Either long or short hair is possible, but there is no angora strain of fainting goat. Fainting goats come in a variety of colors and coat lengths. passion4nature / Getty Images Why Fainting Goats Faint All fainting goats have an inherited muscle condition called myotonia congenita or Thomsens disease. The disorder is caused by a missense mutation of the CLCN1 gene that reduces chloride ion conductance in the chloride channels of muscle fibers. When the animal is startled its muscles tense up and dont immediately relax, causing the goat to fall down. Specifically, startling the goat causes its eyes and ears to send an electrical signal to the brain initiating the fight or flight response. When the response is initiated, the brain determines whether to stay or flee and the voluntary muscles momentarily tense. In myotonic goats, the balance between positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions is out of balance, so muscles have enough sodium to relax, but not enough chloride. It can take 5 to 20 seconds for the ion balance to resolve and the muscles to relax. The severity of the condition varies according to individual, age, water availability, and taurine supplementation. Younger goats stiffen and fall more often than older goats, in part because mature individuals have adapted to the condition and are less easily startled. Based on understanding of myotonia congenita in humans, its known that the condition is painless and has no effect on the individuals muscle tone, consciousness, or life expectancy. Young kids are more susceptible to fainting than older adults. Redleg / Wikimedia Commons Habitat and Distribution Fainting goats were brought to Marshall County, Tennessee, in the 1880s. Today, they are kept throughout the world, although they remain most numerous in the United States. Diet and Behavior Like other goats, fainting goats are herbivores that feed on vines, shrubs, trees, and some broad leaf plants. While goats taste most objects to gain information about them, they dont actually eat everything. Nightshade plants and moldy feed may be deadly to fainting goats. Like other goats, this breed is naturally inquisitive. They are intelligent and can solve simple puzzles. Goat are social animals, but they will form herds with animals of other species, such as sheep, and can form close bonds with humans. Reproduction and Offspring Goats reach sexual maturity between the ages of 3 and 15 months, ideally when they have reached 70% of their adult weight. Females (does) come into estrus every 21 days and indicate willingness to mate by vigorous tail wagging. Males (bucks) curl their upper lips (flehmen response) and urinate on their forelegs and face to increase their odor. Gestation lasts around 150 days, usually resulting in twin births. Does start milk production when they give birth or kid. Domestic goats typically live 15 to 18 years. Conservation Status Because fainting goats are domestic, the IUCN has not evaluated the breed to assign a conservation status. However, the Livestock Conservancy lists it as threatened. According to the International Fainting Goat Association, there are around 10,000 fainting goats in the world. Fainting Goats and Humans Because of their rarity, fainting goats typically arent raised for meat. The animals are usually kept as pets or show animals. Fainting goats are easier to care for than most other breeds because they are smaller, have a friendly disposition, and dont jump fences over 1.6 feet (0.5 meters) high. Sources Beck, C. L., Fahlke, C., George, A. L. Molecular basis for decreased muscle chloride conductance in the myotonic goat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(20), 11248-11252, 1996. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11248Bryant, S. H. Myotonia in the Goat. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 1979.Conte Camerino, D.; Bryant, S.H.; Mambrini, M.; Franconi, F.; Giotti, A. The action of taurine on muscle fibers of normal and congenitally myotonic goats. Pharmacological Research. 22: 93–94, 1990. doi:10.1016/1043-6618(90)90824-wHegyeli, A., Szent-Gyorgyi, A. Water and Myotonia in Goats. Science, 133(3457), 1961. doi:10.1126/science.133.3457.1011Lorenz, Michael D.; Coates, Joan R.; Kent, Marc. Handbook of Veterinary Neurology (5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier/Saunders, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4377-0651-2.

Patrick Ballinger Essay

Patrick Ballinger Essay Patrick Ballinger Essay Patrick Ballinger Professor Stacey Carnes-Reyes Sociology 101 20 November 2014 The three broad sociological perspectives affected me under one very important class in my high school life. The program JROTC, had all 3 sociological perspectives, Functionalist Perspective, Conflict Perspective, and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective. We had at one point covered all 3 of these perspectives, our instructor wanted us to see a different view on how society/things work. We would be given different tasks, on a lower grader level (let) would ask us what to do in a situation. Being an older cadet in JROTC we would have to look out of our perspective and into theirs. I have a life event that uses all 3 perspectives perfectly. I’ll use our military ball for this perspective, the senior class is tasked to schedule and run the ball. That goes form calling in to hold the event to setting up the tables in an organized fashion. We divided up the tasks, I was placed into the seating arrangement and overall management of ball events. This meant I had to see where the table s where placed and where the seniors (let 4) cadets will be siting. The seniors will be spread out to keep younger cadets quite. For managing the ball events was more of a last minute job, I had to make sure everyone was here and at their place they were assigned. I was to be feed information from the other committees as the weeks came to a close. So that way I would know what’s going on and when. We came close to the last week and about half of the committees came to me with what they were doing. That went smooth, no time of arrivals bumped over one another nothing. Then about 2 groups came to me that needed someone, the same person, to get something at the exact time. I noticed it right as it happened. I told them one of you have to find a new time or a new driver. They began arguing about why their group need to change, why can’t the other one. So I jumped in and said ill drive somebodies stuff up there that morning to help out. That was the only major bump in the road of planning it. During the ball we had our respected ceremonies, color guard posted the colors, the honor guard did the POW MIA table ceremony, and then we proceeded to have our guess speak. During our guess speeches, the younger cadets started to talk. We planned ahead of this and had some Let 3 and 4 (juniors and seniors) go up quietly and ask them to be quite or we would escort them out. After the guess spoke, it was time to eat. The guess would go out first and would go to a separate area to eat, while the cadets ate then about 45 minutes later, the music, dancing and other festivities start. There was at one point a small argument that happened between a cadet and their date. I was asked to talk to the male cadet about what happened while a female talked to his date. The problem was resolved within minutes of it starting. There were more minor problems while the ball proceeded. The way some of the cadets and their dates dance was taken into question. All of those problems were immediately sought out and fixed by ether instructors

Introduction to Online Teaching for English Teachers

Introduction to Online Teaching for English Teachers There has been huge growth in opportunities for online teaching for ESL/EFL teachers over the past few years. Heres a quick overview of the current situation, exciting opportunities in the pipeline and tips on sites that are currently offering online teaching possibilities. Online Teaching as an Independent Contractor Most online teaching opportunities provide work as an independent contractor. What this means is that there are no set hours and you can work as much or as little as you wish. Of course, thats also the catch- often there is little work to be had. The upside is that online teaching generally allows you to set your own prices on these services. Establish a top reputation in online teaching, and you can ask for a higher rate. Competition In the world of online teaching, there is a lot of competition, which sometimes leads to fewer hours. However, things are changing rapidly and more and more students are finding their way to the variety of online teaching venues. Here are some of the main sites that currently offer an online teaching opportunity: VIPKID: VIPKID focuses solely on teaching English online and handles all the lesson plans and client communications. Available to teachers from the U.S. and Canada, VIPKID has an application process that involves a mock lesson. Teachers that perform well will have a higher base salary. VIPKID offers additional bonuses and incentives. iTalki: This site started off as a place to find speaking partners in various languages via Skype. Now, its grown to include online teaching services in English. Online Teaching as an Employee There are a few companies that offer opportunities for paid online teaching positions. Of course, the competition is more intense for these positions, but the pay is steady. If you are an experienced teacher, comfortable with technology, would like to take advantage of online teaching, but desire a fixed schedule this is probably for you. The best place to look for one of these positions is TEFL.com. Creating an Online Teaching Business There are a number of teachers that have set up their own online teaching businesses over the past few years. A number of these businesses seem to be doing well. Youll need the ability to think like an entrepreneur (this includes marketing yourself, networking, developing contacts, etc.) If this appeals to you, it could also be the most lucrative online teaching arrangement - but it is hard work and can take quite a while to build up to the point where you have a steady stream of English learners. Basic Requirements To successfully participate in online teaching youll need to be able to do a few things well: Use technology with ease. Make sure that you dont waste students time while you learn the technology. This sounds quite obvious, but it is often a problem.Create a few lesson plans that focus on online teaching. Youll need a game plan for online teaching. Its not the same as teaching in a classroom.Spend some money on good technology for your online teaching. These days gadgets are cheap. Make sure to invest in a good camera, headphones and microphone. Youll also need a computer that can handle video/audio streaming so make sure you have enough RAM!Willingness to promote yourself. If you would like to compete with other teachers as an independent contractor, youll need to promote yourself through your profile, blog, YouTube, etc. Currently, students dont just show up and they have lots of choices. There are many preparations to make before you begin online teaching. This guide to teaching online will help you deal with the most important technological considerations. Finally, if you have had any experience with online teaching, please share your experiences so we can all learn.

Decision Making Assessment of your organization Term Paper

Decision Making Assessment of your organization - Term Paper Example The problem needs to be defined first and there should not be any type of disagreement between the stakeholder and the decision maker. The criteria, requirements and goals need to be set properly. For effective decision making the problem should be first defined. The problem statement should clearly state the initial and desired conditions. The root cause along with the limiting assumptions needs to be identified. The second step of decision making is to set the requirements clearly. By requirement it is meant that conditions that are the acceptable solution to the problem must meet. Again solution to the problem must meet the requirement. The third step of decision making deals with setting up the goal. Goal does not only mean requirement to be met but it means clearly defining the wants and desires. The forth step defines identification of the alternatives. The alternatives should be close to the requirements of the condition. It transforms the initial condition into desired condit ion. The fifth step is to clearly define the criteria for the problem solution. For judging the effectiveness of the alternative, setting of criteria becomes important. Whether the alternative properly achieves the goal or not is dependent on the definition of criteria. For solving the decision problem proper tool needs to be used. Selection of proper tool is a challenging task and depends on the decision of the decision maker. In the seventh step the alternatives are mapped with the criteria to see whether the alternatives are in sync with the criteria. After this evaluation is done the decision maker now ranks the alternatives and chooses the most promising alternatives. In the final step the alternatives chosen by the decision maker needs to be validated with the requirement and goal of the problem (Fulop, n.d., pp. 1-3). This study assesses the decision making process of US Army Corp Engineer and helps the senior leaders in understanding the decision making culture of the organi zation. Decision making environment US Army Corp Engineer has a large team of dedicated soldiers and civilians who are delivering engineering services to their customers. Environmental sustainability is the guiding principal of the organization, which encourages the employees to work diligently and efficiently to strengthen the communications of United States by building proper infrastructure. US Army Corp aims towards promoting stability and improving quality of life. Developing the waterways of America is one of the chief mottos of US Army Corp. By doing this they aim to energize the economy of the nation by improving the movement of the commodities and providing recreation opportunities to the lakes and marinas. Therefore most of the decision making process involves the procedures related to the development of the waterways (About Us, 2013). Behind any decision taken by the US Corp Engineers the main reason is to â€Å"strengthen the security system, energize the economy and red uce the risks from disasters† (Mission & Vision, 2013). For this motive a group of skilled individual is constantly working to provide innovative and sustainable solutions (Mission & Vision, 2013) In the policy of the US Army Corp a special guidance to the planning of integrated watershed and coastal system has been found. The development clearly states that civil works planning must incorporate watershed whether the planning involves project viability study or

International Security in an Era of Globalization Essay

International Security in an Era of Globalization - Essay Example A critique of women’s engagement in international security has often put international security as a man’s domain. Laura Sjoberg in her book, Gender and International Security, published in 2010 looks at international security from the perspective of gender and demonstrates the critical role played by them in the global crisis pertaining to security (p. 2). An important consideration presented in the book, relating to war and military, explains that in democratic governments, the citizens have the power to control the military. It goes on to explain how civilians may not claim innocence at times of war because deliberately avoiding or ignoring facts do not make them innocent (Sjoberg 2010, p. 17). And this goes for all civilians and non-combatants including women. Democracy implies power to the people therefore while war times require certain operational secrecy, it is unhealthy to keep the citizens uninformed about important developments, an act which goes against the purpose of democracy. In most occasions, the military kills because they are present for the security of the common masses. Sjoberg proposes the idea of civilian army which is represented by the civilian population including women and other eligible candidates however she also points out how many eligible candidates find a way to get away from giving service. The most ov er-represented female population is the African American one which comprises about forty percent of the US Army’s enlisted women. Wars have indeed been an important security issue for the past few decades and terrorism has emerged as a political catchphrase used to justify preemption (Sjoberg 2010, p. 20). In order to understand terrorism, it is important to consider that it is not a new phenomenon and is common in various countries including Ireland, England, Philippines, and so on. Moreover, the random killing of civilians in wars is no more horrendous an act than terrorism. In fact, both may involve the killing of

Risk Management (Firms and organisations within the healthcare sector) Essay

Risk Management (Firms and organisations within the healthcare sector) - Essay Example Upon questioning our Chief Information Officer regarding risk assessment and management in our organization, I was informed that we had a very well-developed system in place, one whose efficiency and effectiveness were an outcome of trial and error. At the end of the 20th century, we have witnessed the massive transition from isolated, disconnected computers to networked computer clusters all over the world. At present time, there are an estimated 250 million networked hosts world-wide (Telcordia, 2002). This global pervasive connectivity has been a boon for consumers, businesses and governments alike due to the ease, convenience and speed of electronic data exchange. However, the ease of use and relative anonymity that the Internet affords has been leveraged by criminal elements, as well. Indeed, no private, commercial or government agency is completely safe or has been unaffected by the proliferation of this kind of cyber-crime. E-Commerce Times reported that the ILOVEYOUvirus affected 45 million hosts and inflicted monetary damages to the tune of estimated $2.6 billion (Enos, 2000). The infamous Melissa macro virus caused an estimated $300 million in damage in 1999 and several prominent e-commerce sites were hit by Distribut ed Denial of Service attacks in the beginning of 2000 (Committee on Science, 2000). The estimated worldwide damage caused by automated digital attacks over $30 billion for 2002 (Economic Damage, 2002). These estimated damage figures have to be taken with a grain of salt, but the trend is clear. Moreover, in just a dozen years' time, the propagation speed, as well as the estimated damages has increased by five, and two orders of magnitude, respectively. The healthcare organization in question has been affected by both viruses and DoS attacks. As the Chief Information Officer noted, each virus or DoS incident proved extremely costly, whether calculated in terms of financial loss or the cost of resolving the problem. Therefore, to prevent, or limit, the possibility of future attacks, the organization has adopted a rather comprehensive information security framework. Key components of this framework, according to the CIO, are risk assessment and risk management. 3 Risk Assessment Risk is commonly defined as the product of probability and severity of adverse effects, and the most common approach to quantify risk is a single figure - its expected value [Hai98, p. 29]. Mathematically speaking, given a random variable with probability function and loss function , the expected risk value in the discrete case is equal to . It is apparent that these are generic probability weighed averaging formulas. As further explained by the CIO, its semantic specialization into an expected value of risk occurs through the loss function. The unit of the expected risk value is the unit used by the loss function and could be downtime, cost, credibility, etc. As a preliminary example, the simplified risk of attack consequences on a host that is running one application is shown in the table below: Hypothetical Risk Confronted by the Healthcare

Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment - Assignment Example Although solar energy has been in use for a long time, generating electricity from this source has not been fully adopted hence this has locked up great benefits associated with this alternative source of energy (Foster; Ghassemi, & Cota 47). Even though the solar energy is free, there are hindrances to achievement of this technology. For example, the cost of installation of solar harnessing equipment is extremely high. Also, the availability of solar energy fluctuate from place to another with some parts of the globe receiving maximum solar energy while others have low solar intensity. Also, solar availability is affected by the seasons and time of the day (YouTube). Implementation of this law will result to increase in efficiency of solar energy production since many people will invest in solar energy hence encourage innovation (Foster; Ghassemi, & Cota 47). Although the availability of solar energy may not increase, the efficiency of harnessing this energy will result to increase in the amount of power output lower cost of production (Boxwell 49). The cost saving on environmental management compensates the additional cost of generating solar energy on a large

Network Security Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Security Planning - Assignment Example White (2001) defines Cisco SAFE as architecture in security that offers guidelines for modular networks design approach (Cisco, 2010). This approach makes its ease for network designers to understand relationships thus proceed to execute security based on one module after the other unlike the traditional approach of implementing one broad approach for the entire enterprise. Despite its advantage of maximizing control and visibility, Cisco SAFE has limitations and this paper explores these limitations in detail and their impacts on network security. With Cisco SAFE, denial of service attacks is a widespread threat especially for organizations that do not implement protocol analysis in network security design. With poor protocol analysis, the network lacks significant pattern matching with IDS guaranteeing that the rules of each protocol are followed and this results to sending of both protocol related and unrelated data streams. Consequently, traffic is not valid and is an attack that bypasses security systems or an attack crashing the system due to invalid data presence in the intended system. DoS is overcome by ensuring that IDS in Cisco SAFE has the right knowledge of ordinary system protocols like UDP, TCP, FTP, and HTTP. A second limitation is distributed denial-of-service (DDoS). Without proper configuration of Cisco’s firewall Intrusion Detection System (IDS), organizational networks are subject to DDoS attacks preventing networks from bandwidth access (World, 2002). DDoS attacks consume entire business network bandwidth by attackers while Cisco IDS offers distinctive protection against DDoS by detecting attacks proactively and mitigate them. However, Cisco IDS requires configuration after router configuration to enable it to identify and block attacks prior to the occurrence of intrusion or unauthorized transactions and this calls for effective configuration of Cisco IDS. For any

A Capstone Experience(Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Assignment - 2

A Capstone Experience(Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Development)3 - Assignment Example Investment strategies involve spending on innovation and market diversification. During the recession, businesses that use investment strategies implement strategic change that would not have occurred. The strategies are risky; however, most businesses have excelled in implementing strategic change. The strategies would see the business managers focusing on short-term survival. Additionally, the recession period deprives the business of its resources, therefore, failure in implementing the strategic change. Ambidextrous strategies are a combination of both retrenchment and investment strategies. Businesses that adopt these strategies adapt under recession conditions by cost and asset cutting, and investment in product innovation and market development. The factors to be considered to attain product differentiation during the new post-recession consumer environment is; good business location that creates convenience to the customers, and price differentiation which is giving the customers the value for their money. Luxury goods are items that are not necessary for living, but are highly desired within a society. Marketers should not abandon their efforts to establish premium pricing because where luxury goes, consumers will follow. Luxury brands can charge premium prices as long as the integrity of the product is not compromised (Hayward, 2010). Consumer attitudes have a benefit and demerit to the marketer. Companies have to set strategies based on how consumers think about their product. For example, Wal-Mart offers their goods at lower prices to attract more customers. Lower prices in Wal-Mart are a motivation employed by the store to market their product in these hard economic times (Dean,

Network Security Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Security Planning - Assignment Example White (2001) defines Cisco SAFE as architecture in security that offers guidelines for modular networks design approach (Cisco, 2010). This approach makes its ease for network designers to understand relationships thus proceed to execute security based on one module after the other unlike the traditional approach of implementing one broad approach for the entire enterprise. Despite its advantage of maximizing control and visibility, Cisco SAFE has limitations and this paper explores these limitations in detail and their impacts on network security. With Cisco SAFE, denial of service attacks is a widespread threat especially for organizations that do not implement protocol analysis in network security design. With poor protocol analysis, the network lacks significant pattern matching with IDS guaranteeing that the rules of each protocol are followed and this results to sending of both protocol related and unrelated data streams. Consequently, traffic is not valid and is an attack that bypasses security systems or an attack crashing the system due to invalid data presence in the intended system. DoS is overcome by ensuring that IDS in Cisco SAFE has the right knowledge of ordinary system protocols like UDP, TCP, FTP, and HTTP. A second limitation is distributed denial-of-service (DDoS). Without proper configuration of Cisco’s firewall Intrusion Detection System (IDS), organizational networks are subject to DDoS attacks preventing networks from bandwidth access (World, 2002). DDoS attacks consume entire business network bandwidth by attackers while Cisco IDS offers distinctive protection against DDoS by detecting attacks proactively and mitigate them. However, Cisco IDS requires configuration after router configuration to enable it to identify and block attacks prior to the occurrence of intrusion or unauthorized transactions and this calls for effective configuration of Cisco IDS. For any

Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 - Essay Example On 3rd March 1847, in the town of Edinburgh, Scotland, Eliza Grace Symonds and Professor Alexander Melville Bell were blessed with a son, Alexander Bell. His father, Professor Alexander Melville Bell, was a famous speech expert or elocutionist and teacher of deaf people. Alexander had two other brothers namely, Edward Charles Bell and Melville James Bell. However, both of them later passed on after ailing from Tuberculosis. Interestingly, the name ‘Graham’ was only added when he was 11 years of age after he made a request to equally have a middle name as the rest of his siblings. Most of his childhood years were spent in Scotland with his father acting as a personal tutor. Evidently, Alexander made his first innovation at the age of 12 by inventing a machine that had the capacity to remove the husks of wheat grains and clean them at the same time. The dehusking machine was composed of revolving paddles and pairs of nailbrushes. The machine was adopted by many mill compan ies since it assisted in speeding up of wheat processing. At age 15, he enrolled at Royal High School but left after only four semesters. At the age of 16, Alexander attained a job at the Weston House Academy in Elgin Scotland. His job description was as a part time teacher and pupil of music and speech. Incidentally, his father was against the idea of him pursuing any career within the department of science. However, Alexander maintained his pursuit of science as he wanted to emulate both his grandfather and father. At the Weston House, Alexander took up some Greek and Latin courses and later became a teacher of the same. His charges for remuneration of services rendered were boarding and accommodation at the institution and 10 pounds per lesson. Alexander later attended the University of Edinburg at the age of 17. Incidentally, his brother Edward was enrolled at the same University before his untimely demise on May, 1870. On April of 1871, Alexander relocated to Boston,

René Descartes Essay Example for Free

Renà © Descartes Essay Philosophy begins as an art of wondering. This art of wondering, leads man into asking a number of questions about himself and the world around him. Variations in philosophical thoughts as result questions posed by man, help in modification of philosophy. The purpose of this essay therefore, is to do a comparative analysis of Sophie’s World by Josteen Gaarder with three philosophical texts: George Berkeley’s Treatise on Human Knowledge, John Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding and Rene Descartes’ Passions of the Soul. We shall also show the roles of authors and texts in Philosophy. TREATISE ON HUMAN KNOWLEDGE VERSUS SOPHIE’S WORLD One of the outstanding efforts of Berkeley in this work was to show that the world exists as it does because of the ideas perceived by the mind of God and as such, existence of things depends on their perception through the senses. Likewise in Sophie’s World, Aristotle through his belief showed a similarity with Berkeley’s stance in this text Treatise of Human Understanding. For Aristotle, highest degree of reality is what we perceive with our senses. Berkeley also said that existence is the state of being perceived by a perceiver, but on the contrary, Descartes in Sophie’s World believed that he exists because he thinks. It furthermore means that his existence depends on his ability to think. He used such words like cogito ergo sum (latin) and je pense, donc je suis (French) all meaning `I think therefore I am` to illuminate his thesis on this. Plato while stressing the sovereignty of reason in Sophie’s World said that the reason can only give us the true reality of things and as such contradicted the empiricist approach of Berkeley. ESSAY ON HUMAN UNDERSTANDING VERSUS SOPHIE’S WORLD John Locke illuminated in this work that idea is derived from experience of sensation or reflection, just like it reflected in Sophie’s World in which his fellow empiricists likewise stressed the inevitability of experience as the source of true knowledge. David Hume in particular established that man has two types of perceptions, namely: impressions and ideas. By `impressions` he means the external sensations of reality. By `ideas` he means the recollections of such impressions. Aristotle the trail blazer of empiricism, in alignment with the empiricists believed our reason to be completely empty until we have sensed something. John Locke in this book made an attempt to refute the notion of `innate ideas` by proving that it does not exist, whereas in Sophie’s World, philosopher like Plato believed in an innate idea, an external world of ideas outside of the natural world. Descartes even believed that the idea of God is innate. PASSIONS OF THE SOUL VERSUS SOPHIE’S WORLD Descartes defined passions of the soul as a mental state or thought that arises as a direct result of brain activity and such passions can move us to action. He also suggested that one needs to learn to control one’s passions, for they can move one to perform vicious acts. Benedict Spinosa in Sophie’s World, suggested that we must free ourselves from our feelings and passions only then shall we find happiness. Conversely, also in Sophie’s World, the Epicureans through the teachings of Aristippus believed that the aim of life is to attain the highest possible pleasure or passions and by so doing, they contradict Descartes belief. AN EYE ON THE ROLES OF AUTHORS AND TEXTS IN PHILOSOPHY Authors in philosophy play incredible roles in modification of philosophy through their texts. There various attempts to answer the underlying questions of nature and man have led to the developments of dialectical methods like thesis, antithesis and synthesis used in philosophy today. An eye on the three authors and philosophers: Descartes, Berkeley and Locke whose works where compared with Sophie’s World above showed the vital role they played in philosophy. While Descartes was a rationalist, Berkeley and Locke were empiricists, but through their texts, they contributed in `epistemology` or theory of knowledge. CONCLUSION Having done these comparisons, we can see the successful deduction of similarities and differences between the Sophie’s World and three aforementioned philosophical texts. I attest that Sophie’s World is necessary philosophical paraphernalia needed by a neophyte in Philosophy as seen from its versatility in the course of this comparison done, and also how it covered aspects of history of Philosophy in such a sublime manner. POPE JOHN PAUL II MAJOR SEMINARY OKPUNO, AWKA NAME: UMENABA BENJAMIN C COURSE: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY COURSE CODE: PHIL 101 REG NO: PJPS/NAU/013/O69 LECTURER: REV. FR DR. AUGUSTINE OBUROTA TOPIC: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOPHIE’S WORLD WITH THREE PHILOSOPHY TEXTS WITH AN EYE ON ROLES OF AUTHORS AND TEXTS IN PHILOSOPHY DATE: 28TH NOVEMBER, 2012 OUTLINES INTRODUCTION TREATISE ON HUMAN KNOWLEDGE VERSUS SOPHIE’S WORLD ESSAY ON HUMAN UNDERSTANDING VERSUS SOPHIE’S WORLD PASSIONS OF THE SOUL VERSUS SOPHIE’S WORLD AN EYE ON THE ROLES OF AUTHORS AND TEXTS IN PHILOSOPHY CONCLUSION.

Analysis of Barbara Kruger

Analysis of Barbara Kruger For this short essay writing I get an example of single contemporary artist Barbara Kruger. Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist. A lot of her effort consists of black and white photographs overlaid with declarative captions-in white-on-red Futura Bold Oblique. The phrases in her works frequently consist of use of pronouns such as you, your, I, we, and they. I begin my essay with the retort how Barbara Kruger be considered illustrative of Baudrillards or Barthes theories. Postmodernism was born out of a response in opposition to the policy of Modernism. Most particularly, Postmodern artists discarded the Modernist obsession with the aesthetic and began by questioning the recognized qualities tied to this aesthetic. As the Postmodern movement progressed, this critique intensified and moved beyond simply formal concerns; artists also began criticizing many underlying notions of Modernism, together with ideas about creativity and authority. Simultaneously, French philosophers Roland Barthes and Jean Baudrillard introduced theories concerning the rising artistic practices of appropriation and simulation. Barthes, in his elaboration on the theory of appropriation, described principles and practices that a lot of artists were employing in their critiques on Modernism. The work of American artist Barbara Kruger gives the most powerful embodimen t of Barthes theories of appropriation. Roland Barthes, in his 1967 essay The Death of the Author, stripped mutually authority and authorship from artists and writers, declaring, A text is not a line of words releasing a single theological meaning (the message of the Author-God), but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them new, blend and collide. This theory not only described the postmodern artistic practices of the time, but it undermined Modernisms lofty goals and claims of creating original artwork. According to Barthes, no author or artist creates something new and unique. Instead, every formed thing is a recycled regurgitation of that which preceded it. As Postmodernism continued to develop, many artists not only acknowledged Barthess denouncement of originality but also embraced it as a means through which to further critique the works and tenets of Modernism. These artists favored the readymade object as more powerful than the supposedly new crafted objects shaped by Modernist artists. By openly acknowledging the process of appropriation that occurs within the manufacture of all art, these artists leveraged the power of pre-existing imagery and signs to produce new works with multiple layers and multiple meanings. Barbara Kruger began her career as a graphic designer and commercial artist for publications and magazines such as Mademoiselle. Her work as a postmodern artist began to garner attention in the early 1980s; about fifteen years later than Barthes published The Death of the Author. Krugers experience in the profitable design world greatly influenced her work both officially and philosophically. She embraced both the imagery and language of advertising, combining black and white photographs with ambiguous but accusatory statements in collage-like presentations. But she concurrently rejected the philosophies of commercial advertising and the majority, by raising questions concerning gender equality, consumerism, and stereotypes. Regarding the state of culture, In Untitled (Your Comfort is My Silence), 1981, Kruger combined a black and white image of a mans head with his index finger over his mouth and two lines of text reading, Your comfort is my silence. The initial two words cover the mans eyes, further eliminating his exact identity and reducing him to a generic symbol of masculine dominance and control. The text is presented in a combination of black text over white rectangles and white text in red rectangles in a cut-and-paste manner. By employing collage to join pre-existing imagery with authoritative statements, Kruger practices the appropriation that Barthes described. Krugers work also assigns an interpretive role to both the viewer and culture at large, as posited by Barthes. By keeping her statements to some extent cryptic or ambiguous, Kruger forces viewers to build meaning from their own earlier experiences, thereby actively participating in the procedure of appropriation. In addition I am going to cover the answers of is it simplistic for an artist to rely heavily on theory, Does good art go beyond theory and Are these original works? While Kruger and other artists who deliberately practice appropriation are most likely aware of Barthess philosophies and statements, it is hard to say how much their work and practice is shaped by such theory. Oftentimes theory seems somewhat reflexive to contemporary practices; critics notice existing artistic trends and then posit theories and extend technical language to describe such practices. As such, one could disagree that artistic practice influences theory just as much as theory influences the practice that follows. Certainly theory plays some role in virtually every piece or work of art, even if the producer or artist is unaware of it. Sometimes, the identical theory can even direct artists in two completely different or opposing directions. Modern theory, for example, called for aesthetic experience and form al purity, and many artists worked to attain the ideal representation of these criteria. Postmodern practice should not be viewed as alike attempt to perfectly render the theories of Postmodernism; rather, it is more perfectly a reaction against the tenets of Modern theory. From my point of view it seems then that theory and practice share a somewhat cyclical relationship. Artists produce new work, and then critics develop theories and language to describe it. Other artists take these newly-formed theories as information for what constitutes art at the time and turn out their art accordingly. After a period of extremely following the most recently canonized theories, other artists consciously operate outside of the dominant theory or refuse it altogether and produce another new type of work. This appears to be a recurring trend in the relationship among art theory and art practice. The work of artists such as Barbara Kruger, poses many essential questions and reiterates those raised by Roland Barthes. Although such artists intentionally employ the process of appropriation in producing their artwork, their works are no less original than that of other artists. Even Modernist painters, who so adamantly strove for originality and uniqueness, operated within the framework and visual language of the preceding millennia of art and history. As Barthes says, The writer [or artist] can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, not at all original. Possibly this means that, concurrently, not anything is original and everything is original.

Essay --

More than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various acceptance tests. Over decades, a large number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. But in the recent years, it is observed that the practice of using animals for drug testing has come under rigorous criticism by the animal protection and animal rights groups. Truly medications and different medical items are routinely tried on animals before they are introduced into markets and used for human . Wh ile I tend towards the perspective that animal testing maybe ethically wrong, still I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines keeping in mind the advantages of doing rather than just focusing on the negatives. Humans and animals transmit several sicknesses, and subsequently animals can act as models for the investigation of human ailment. For instance, rabbits experience the ill effects of atherosclerosis (solidifying of the arteries) and also infections, for example, emphysema, and life commencement surrenders, for example, spina bifida. Cats suffer from the ill effects of disease, diabetes and ulcers which make them candidates for exploration into these issue. From such models we figure out h... ...ing on animals such as using technological advances such as computer modeling, animation and simulation, epidemiology, in vitro research, virtual drug trials, micro dosing technologies, human cell and tissue methods, â€Å"human-on-a-chip† technology and post-marketing drug surveillance. Scientists have now started to adopt non animal testing methods around the globe. In some medical schools and universities animal testing have been totally replaced by the technological machines which is an advanced invention by the mankind. In conclusion, it can be said that regardless of development in the medical field , it is now time for a change using animals as default method for testing new innovation on animals must be stopped step by step. It might be wrong to completely boycott testing on animals for essential medicinal research until appropriate alternatives have been created. Essay -- More than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various acceptance tests. Over decades, a large number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. But in the recent years, it is observed that the practice of using animals for drug testing has come under rigorous criticism by the animal protection and animal rights groups. Truly medications and different medical items are routinely tried on animals before they are introduced into markets and used for human . Wh ile I tend towards the perspective that animal testing maybe ethically wrong, still I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines keeping in mind the advantages of doing rather than just focusing on the negatives. Humans and animals transmit several sicknesses, and subsequently animals can act as models for the investigation of human ailment. For instance, rabbits experience the ill effects of atherosclerosis (solidifying of the arteries) and also infections, for example, emphysema, and life commencement surrenders, for example, spina bifida. Cats suffer from the ill effects of disease, diabetes and ulcers which make them candidates for exploration into these issue. From such models we figure out h... ...ing on animals such as using technological advances such as computer modeling, animation and simulation, epidemiology, in vitro research, virtual drug trials, micro dosing technologies, human cell and tissue methods, â€Å"human-on-a-chip† technology and post-marketing drug surveillance. Scientists have now started to adopt non animal testing methods around the globe. In some medical schools and universities animal testing have been totally replaced by the technological machines which is an advanced invention by the mankind. In conclusion, it can be said that regardless of development in the medical field , it is now time for a change using animals as default method for testing new innovation on animals must be stopped step by step. It might be wrong to completely boycott testing on animals for essential medicinal research until appropriate alternatives have been created.

USEC Capital Budgeting Case Questions

In one paragraph (max 5 sentences), describe the general situation faced by USEC: USEC is the lead supplier of enriched uranium, which is used to fuel nuclear reactors. Due to an expiring contract with a power supplier, the production of Uranium fuel became very expensive at the current Paducah plant. USEC created a new plant called APC in an attempt to advance technology and become the low cost producers in the Uranium industry. Mackovjak is a financial analyst tasked with the evaluation of USEC. In order to properly value USEC, Mackovjak needs to evaluate APC and their contributions to USEC.2) What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for USEC in July 2006? (Assume the expected return on the market is around 11%)WACC= .10703We calculated a = .134 which we calculated using the expected return equation: . Our equation looked similar to this: For the equity we assumed the number of shares outstanding for 2006 which was 86.1 million *10.8 (price per share) 930 million The debt was g iven in the capital market conditions at 475 million (making D+E equal 1405 million) For we used the yield to maturity, which was given at 0.0904 The tax rate was estimated based on the 2005 data to be roughly 40 percent.3) After determining the relevant Cash Flows for the project, what is the NPV? *FCF were calculated in the excel spreadsheetWe were using a $20 fixed price due to an agreement for the Uranium however this changed as the agreement expired and we were required to buy Uranium at market price. Sales= (Production *SWU price)Cash Costs= (Production of APC* Market price )+ (Production of APC* Enrichment costs) *When APC became functional, enrichment costs were reduced by half Non Cash Costs= DepreciationCurrent assets= production* inventory (this was only used in 2012) Market price* production (was used for 2013 and after) Current liabilities= 1 % of DOE for initial research of centrifuge technology Net working capital= current assets – current liabilities (we found the change in Networking capital) Operating cash flow= S-C(1-T)+TDChanged in fixed asset= capital expenditureWe used these values to calculate a future cash flow using the equation: FCF= operating cash flow -increase in networking capital -increase in fixed assets.In order to find the NPV of the project we took the FCF from ACP alone. We had to recognize that the lease on Paducah was not associated with ACP, however a one percent royalty was added to current liabilities on the ACP projecting. In order to check our initial estimation we compared the networking capital of the APC project to 5% of sales that was recommended by another analyst Craig Weise. Every year the value was positive and above 5% reinforcing our decision that USEC will take on the project. Based on our calculated NPV of the project we determined that APC would return 2,020,167,627 dollars.The cost of the project is 1.7 billion so the difference in return and cost is a positive 320,167,627 dollars. Thus USEC will take on the project and therefore the company is undervalued. Mackovjak, the financial analyst, seeing that the company is undervalued should pitch to upper management they should take a long position in USEC.From the syllabus: â€Å"Write-ups should be self-contained Word documents, running 2-3 pages or less, including exhibits. Separate spreadsheets containing original calculations should be attached to the email, but exhibits should be placed within the Word document, not left to be found somewhere in the spreadsheet.† Please conform to these exhibition expectations in future write-ups. As to your spreadsheet:For Paducah, the CFs shown would be irrelevant, as â€Å"with ACP, Paducah operates in 2006-2010, and without ACP, Paducah operates in 2006-2010†, so Paducah CFs irrelevant to ACP valuation in 2006-2010. But necessary to estimate from 2006-2010, so that when lost 2011-2025, Paducah CFs are  already escalated and easily estimable. In that regard, all CFs to th e NPV calc are too high as you have included irrelevant 2006-2010 CFs for Paducah, but more importantly, have ignored all Paducah CFs lost from 2011-2025 as suggested by the case comments given in class the prior day to case discussion.Further, your Paducah OCF format of (S-C)(1-T)+TD should only contain cash costs in â€Å"C† and your spreadsheet shows that â€Å"C† contains Capital Expenditures. Capital Expenditures is ALWAYS outside of OCF, with (S-C)(1-T)+TD – ChgNWC – Yearly CapEx., which you do, thus effectively double deducting for CapEx. You did not return NWC at the end of the project.For ACP, Uranium Costs are basically ZERO in your valuation after 2012. This error SEVERELY underestimates costs, and overestimates FCF and thus NPV. Further, in your â€Å"double 2011† method, a Uranium cost of $21? Where is this from? For Depreciation in ACP, you are using Depreciation for Paducah (Old), not the Capitalized Plant Bldg costs. Further, your a nalysis does not seem to include the $1.7b cost anywhere, other than in the text of this document where you apparently take a t=0 PVCF and subtract amounts that sum to $1.7b, but occur across 5 years (thus ignoring discounting of the capital costs, and including 100m of a sunk cost in your NPV). Finally, your methodology of PV’g does not use the spreadsheet effectively. As with any hard number entry, if you wanted to change this, you would have a significant task ahead of you.Please think about using functions, or at the very least using equations that refer to a single cell containing WACC, and sequential cells containing 1,2,3, etc. for â€Å"T†. Overall, a submission with many errors; some to be expected, and some that appear to be unexplained or work potentially done too quickly without review. I would very much suggest that you use FAR fewer hard numbers in the spreadsheet calculations, and layout more of the assumed values as separate cell entries (the tax rate, the UrRawMatls quantity, the SunkCost, the WACC). If you ever had to go back and change some of these things, it is far easier to change one cell than try to remember ALL cells that contained the hard number entry.

Children Should or Should Not! Be Paid for Good Grades

Children should or should not be paid for good grades? I believe that children should not be paid for good grades for several reasons. First of all, To get good grades depend on how each student learns and handles with the result he or she will receive at last. According to Sylvia Rimm, a child psychologist, money does not play an important role in achievement but consistency does. To illustrate, successful students always try to maintain their scores with unchangeable effort while others who once fail give up easily because they believe that there is no second chance to get rewards and compliment. Another reason is that paying for good grades does not mean paying for any knowledge at all. Like a case of Kasama and her 13-year-son, each grade in the report card has its price – laptop, cellphone, portable DVD player and even money. Thus, many children are so eager to have tutorials just to get ‘A's and then what remain in their heads will be soon replaced with what they want and eventually receive as a prize. Finally, paying for good grades can ruin children's confidence. For instance, I had never pay for better better grades until high school when almost all of my friends paid for tutorials. I felt like I could not be good enough without taking extra courses in spite of the fact that I could succeed my self-studying. To sum up, with these reasons given above, a lot of money should not be spend on getting only good grades.

Polymer Processing

Chapter 3. Polymer Processing Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 1. Procedure for casting sheets of polymer. Polymer Materials Page ? 2 Polymer Process Techniques HEMA = hydroxyethyl methacrylate EGDMA = ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Fig. 3. 2. Centrifugal mold for poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) contact lenses Solvent casting of films Fig. 3. 3. Laboratory spreading device for the solution casting of films. Polymer Materials Page ? 3 Polymer Process Techniques Roll casting Fig. 3. 4. Knife coating of a polymer onto a film. Polymer Materials Page ? 4 Polymer Process TechniquesFig. 3. 5. Polymer casting bench. Polymer Materials Page ? 5 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 6. Solution casting of films on an industrial scale with the use of rotating metal drums. Polymer Materials Page ? 6 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 7. Use of a moving-belt system for the continuous solution casting of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 7 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 8. ‘Bubbleâ⠂¬â„¢ blowing of films. Polymer Materials Page ? 8 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 9. Film manufacture by calendering. Polymer Materials Page ? 9 Polymer Process TechniquesMethods for melt processing of films Fig. 3. 10. Hydraulic press for the melt pressing of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 10 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 11. Sequence of operations for the melt extrusion of polymer films. Polymer Materials Page ? 11 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 12. Diagram of a plastics extruder. Polymer Materials Page ? 12 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 13. Diagram of a compression-molding press and mold. Polymer Materials Page ? 13 Polymer Process Techniques Melt process Fig. 3. 14. Diagram of an injection-molding machine. Polymer MaterialsPage ? 14 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 15. Thermoforming of polymer sheets. Polymer Materials Page ? 15 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 16. ‘Plug flow reactor’ to manufacture radiation crosslinked tubings or bel ts. Polymer Materials Page ? 16 Polymer Process Techniques Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) Advantages: ? Large parts ? Low viscosity ? Inexpensive Materials : ? Urethanes ? Polyureas ? Nylon ? Polyolefins Fig. 3. 17. Reaction injection molding (RIM) device to produce reinforced polyurethanes. ? Cylinder charged with diol and triol plus dibutyltin dilaurate ?Cylinder charged with molten diisocyanate ? Half of split mold ? Half of split mold ? Cavity to be filled with reinforcing fiber, then with mixed liquid from nozzle ? Nozzle for mixing streams from ? and ? Polymer Materials Page ? 17 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 18. Apparatus for the laboratory wet spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 18 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 19. Use of a motor-driven syringe pump for the laboratory preparation of wet-spun fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 19 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 20. Laboratory assembly for the ry spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 20 Polymer Pro cess Techniques Fig. 3. 21. Industrial wet spinning. Polymer Materials Page ? 21 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 22. Laboratory or pilot-plant equipment for the melt extrusion of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 22 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 23. Manufacturing equipment for the dry spinning of fibers. Polymer Materials Page ? 23 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 24. Equipment for the melt spinning of fibers on an industrial scale. Polymer Materials Page ? 24 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 25.Three methods for the continuous orientation of synthetic fibers. (a) The fiber passes round a ‘peg’ which stabilizes the stretch orientation being induced by the faster-turning set of rollers. (b) The faster-turning drum stretches the polymer in the orientation zone. With this technique some difficulty may be experienced with stabilization of this zone. (c) The two drums turn at the same speed. But the fiber is stretched because of the greater circumference of the se cond drum. Polymer Materials Page ? 25 Polymer Process Techniques Processing of Elastomers (Vulcanizable) Fig. 3. 26.Reactor to manufacture four-ply valcanized rubber belts. Polymer Materials Page ? 26 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 27. Tire molding process Polymer Materials Page ? 27 Polymer Process Techniques Composite & Laminate Processing Fig. 3. 28. Plug-flow reactor to form epoxy resin preimpregnated sheet. Polymer Materials Page ? 28 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 29. ‘Batch reactor’ to manufacture glass-fiber reinforced polyesters. Polymer Materials Page ? 29 Polymer Process Techniques Fig. 3. 30. Procedure used to manufacture fiber reinforced epoxy resins. Polymer Materials Page ? 30

Obesity - empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity - empowerment - Essay Example Many transactional foodstuff organizations are swarming in the international market which offers inexpensive food with no nutrients. The mega markets are influencing people towards bulk purchase of convenience food which suit their lifestyle. The healthy food has become more costly compared to unhealthy foodstuff. The increasing rate of marketing activities of foodstuff that focuses upon children make them wish for food containing high calorie, sugar and fat (Shah, 2010). For children, obesity possesses a great threat because it can result in heart syndrome, high cholesterol as well as high level of blood pressure. The obese kids have 70% probability to become overweight adults. It is not a superficial issue anymore. The obesity nowadays is cursing the young generations (Cochran, 2008). The empowerment enthusiasts have thought to prevent and reduce the children obesity. Empowerment is described as a technique to inspire people or develop self–esteem thinking among them. Throug h empowerment a person can gain control over the obesity problem. It is educated by the effects of individual requirement and mutual effect. Empowerment can be of three types. The psychological empowerment can rise with the development of self– understanding.

Business Strategy for Nucleon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Strategy for Nucleon - Essay Example This favors Nucleon building its own plant which means higher costs and more time, although it also implies greater control. Contracting also involves more time and an estimated expense of about 4 million dollars. Moreover, there is the danger of confidential information about manufacturing leaking out, although it would free Nucleon’s R&D people to focus exclusively on their specialty which is research – this is also the factor that has propelled Nucleon to the top.   However, in my view, vertical integration is not favored in this case. The reason is that Phase I and II trials are still an experimental stage of development of the drug and all investments made on the pilot plant could be lost, while also deflecting funds from other research work. Contracting out is not a good option due to loss of confidentiality. However, the licensing option offers an excellent situation because it allows risks associated with clinical trials and expenses related to development, marketing and sales of the drug to a third Company, while also protecting Nucleon’s patent on the product. This will allow the Company to focus on its core competencies, i.e, research, and development. One of the developments in management theory is the belief that most firms have only a few â€Å"core competencies† where they possess exceptional skills and abilities.

An Exploration into the Role of Nutrition Information in Influencing Literature review

An Exploration into the Role of Nutrition Information in Influencing Consumer Choice - Literature review Example The strong association between nutrition and health, alongside the ever rising problem of obesity justify a study into nutrition consumerism. The main aim of this literature review is to explore the role of nutrition information in influencing consumer choices. Objectives The following objectives will guide this review of literature towards achieving the stated aim: To perform a prudent search for relevant literature detailing the role of nutritional information on consumer choices To review the literature noting highlights and emerging themes To arrive at a conclusion based on the literature review on the role of nutritional information on consumer choices Literature Review The approach followed for sourcing the literature involved a search for research and theoretical work through the key phrase â€Å"Role of Nutrition Information in influencing Consumer Choice.† The search was focused on a number of peer-reviewed journals for the research articles. Further, a look at the bi bliographies of the journals was used to find more relevant literature. The sources selected for use were restricted to the last decade in order to ensure this literature review is up-to-date, valid and relevant. ... Factors determining Consumer Choices in Nutritional Purchases A number of studies have explored the factors determining consumer choices when making food purchases. One of these is by Petrovichi and Ritson (2006) who investigated the factors that influence individual decisions to engage in dietary health preventative behaviour in Romania. Conceptually, the close relationship between health and nutrition translates to an association of managing nutrition practices to prevent or manage health. The methodology adopted by the two researchers entailed face-to-face issuance of questionnaires to 485 adult respondents. This study established that the respondents’ health motivations, beliefs that diet choices have the capacity to prevent diseases, financial status of households and the level of educational influenced their nutrition and health and thus food purchase decisions. Ling and Horwath (2001) established that the perceived benefits of certain dietary products influenced consume r food purchase decisions. Through a cross-sectional telephone and mail survey, the scholars gathered data from 1200 households. They showed that the perceived benefits of fruits and vegetables in diet tipped the decisional balance towards purchasing these food items. Godwin, Speller-Henderson and Thompson (2006) undertook a consumer survey involving 160 participants and established that knowledge about nutrition greatly influenced consumer preferences in food purchases; the majority of respondents perceived themselves as knowledgeable enough to understand nutrition labels and use these to make purchase decisions. To conclude this part, the general factors that influence consumer purchase decisions include knowledge on nutrition; health

Racial Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racial Discrimination - Essay Example Few countries have experienced as persistent and as institutionalized and formal a system of ethnic and racial stratification as has South Africa. Loosely divided into Blacks and Whites, with the former comprising approximately 90% of the population, assimilation such as which would lead to national unity and the subsequent negation of racism was offset by the institutionalization of racism. The Whites, non-native to the country and comprised of the earlier Dutch immigrants, Afrikaners and the later English ones, had, not only come to the country as colonizers but had, quite effectively, laid their absolute claim over the country through the assumption of control over its political and economic institutions and, in the process, denied the presence of the native population. South Africa's native population, comprising at least 75% of the country's inhabitants, were denied a political and economic presence in the country A system of ethnic stratification had, in essence, relegated them to the status of non-beings, to the extent that they were deprived of any and all conceivable basic human rights within their own country. They were no simply regarded as inferior but defined by the law as such. Within the context of the stated, the very notion of penetrating through the racial divide, of combating racism and of creating a society/nation founded upon the acknowledgement of the equal claim of all citizens to basic human rights, let alone equality per se, was a virtual impossibility. Indeed, the attainment of the stated was predicated on dismantling the apartheid system which had, not only institutionalized racism but which had effectively de-legitimized racial equality. As is amply clear from the foregoing, South Africa was founded upon a racist political and economic system. The White minority dominated over the majority and domination reached the extent of the dehumanization of 75% of the population. The remaining 15%, classified as nonwhites and comprised of the racially mixed Coloreds, Asians and Africans of various tribal origins, stood mid-way between the two. That does not mean to imply that that they were granted rights which, by any stretch of the imagination, were comparable to those enjoyed by the Whites but that they were not as dehumanized and as marginalized as were the Blacks. Even though the Apartheid system was dismantled in the 1990s due to the efforts of Nelson Mandela, later elected the country's first black leader, the fact remains racism still prevails. It prevails because of its long history in South Africa and s sustained by the fact that the Whites and the Blacks remain unequal insofar as socio-economic and educational status is concerned. Within the context of vast inequalities, assimilation remains a distant goal. Although Canada is as arguably a two-nation country as is South Africa, it is not a divided nation. South Africa's divisions are determined by race and Canada's by national and linguistic roots. The implication here is that the French and the English Canadians are not regarded as separate and unequal but different. While a case may be made for the fact that this hardly allows for assimilation and ultimately leaves Canada vulnerable to divisiveness, an equally strong case may be made for the fact that Canada's ethnic stratification is not predicated on this particular

Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example A few ideas have been gathered that pinpoint some of the more known reasons as to what causes multiple sclerosis, as well a few concepts that are still being considered but have yet to fully be proven. While multiple sclerosis has not been connected to genes, it has been found that a variety of genetic variations can increase the risk of developing the disease; there are specific genes that have been directly linked to the cause of multiple sclerosis in a person. A person that has a relative that has multiple sclerosis stands a higher chance at developing the disease; parents and children, and siblings, can possess the disease that makes it possible for the other to develop it also. Indeed, multiple sclerosis â€Å"has an overall familial recurrence rate of 20% (Compston, 2008).† The less that a person is related to someone, such as the difference between siblings and half-siblings, the less chance that there is that multiple sclerosis will be developed. There are certain genes that are connected with multiple sclerosis, and they need to be present in a family member to make the disease possible. Environment plays a fairly decent role in what causes multiple sclerosis. A decreased exposure to sunlight has been connected to those with multiple sclerosis, as well as the distance someone lives from the equator, though this is not as common. Anything within that environment, such as stressful events or cigarette smoke, as well as characteristics that can bring about infections to a person, thus damaging their immune system, can cause multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is capable of developing at any age, though the most common age group to develop the disease is between twenty and forty years of age. Women are twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis than men are. Caucasians, especially those that are from Europe or can trace their linage to Europe, are at an increased risk of

Animal Farm Summative Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm Summative Essay Animal Farm is an allegorical novel by George Orwell. It is considered to be an allegory because the farm and the various controversies within it are representing Russia’s condition before and after its overthrow of the tyrannical tsar. The novel explores more than just political conflicts – it shows the lengths human nature and gluttony can go, how surplus of power can destroy the truest of morality, how greed is present in every governing system, and no book, rule, or law can obliterate avarice. It also cleverly observes how humans alter their relationships and mask their true feelings towards others for their own security, and this course of action is evident in the relationship between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington. Napoleon plays a greater role in the aftermath of the rebellion, rather than evoking the rebellion itself, and Mr. Pilkington does not play a great role in the novel until after the rebellion. Napoleon, from the very beginning, is made out to be an antagonist as he indulges in all sorts of suspicious activity, and constantly engages in arguments with Snowball, his partner in looking after the new â€Å"liberal† Animal Farm. The Seven Commandments are against everything man stands for, including Pilkington of Foxwood, and even if they do not have a direct relationship with each other in the beginning, Mr. Pilkington and Napoleon are enemies, because, as Old Major had once said, â€Å"Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever† (4). Napoleon and Snowball have a very idealistic view of Animal Farm, but Napoleon’s attitude towards everything is noticed to be changed after the overthrow of Snowball. His hatred towards the other farmers had already started to falter when their rations fell short, but it is perceived that Napoleon started favoring Mr. Pilkington as he was against Frederick of Pinchfield, where Snowball was rumored to have resided. But their relationship is much like a seesaw as Napoleon goes through a phase of indecisiveness as to whether or not trust Mr. Pilkington as he had declined him any help during the Battle of the Windmill. For instance, when he had sent the pigeons to ask for help, Mr. Pilkington only replied with, â€Å"Serves you right†. As the novel progresses, the commandments are slowly altered, and this shows that Napoleon’s mind is slowly changing, his attitude towards the commandments are changing, and his attitude towards the humans are changing as well. For instance, the commandment â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed,† is altered to â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,† for Napoleon’s own luxury, and this not only shows that Napoleon has a new outlook on life, but also a new outlook on humans – not only that, but he alters all commandments, showing he is becoming more and more like a human every day, until finally, the day comes when he stands on his hind legs, indulges himself in alcohol, and is seen to be playing poker with Mr. Pilkington. The most important chapter concerning Napoleon’s relationship with Mr. Pilkington would be the last chapter of the novel when the pair are chatting and laughing, when they both draw aces in a game of poker. This sig nifies the looming power struggle between the two. Both Napoleon and Pilkington are striving to be the stronger party and will stoop to any level to emerge the winner. At the beginning of the novel Napoleon treats Pilkington with heavy disdain, and tries to form an isolated community of self-sufficient animals. As the novel progresses Napoleon engages in trade with Pilkingtons farm, and conspires with him to frame Snowball and make him appear a traitor. His relationship with Pilkington is purely selfish and both of them after the same end, to be the stronger of the two farms. To conclude, in Napoleon’s pursuit of creating his idealistic socialist utopia, he ended up turning into the evil he set out to banish, and turning into what all the animals dreaded – turning into a human, just like Pilkington, which is why â€Å"it was impossible to tell which was which†(89).

The Causes Of Information Overload

The Causes Of Information Overload Developments in information and communication technology have facilitated the generation of management information considerably. Thus, managers are confronted increasingly with an information flood which provides more information than managers are able to process. This results in an information overload, which, while being advantageous, also carries considerable problems for both consumers and manager. This paper presents the scientific controversy surrounding the information overload problem, its behavioural background and the implications made. Analysis of the subjectively perceived information overload of managers in various managerial fields is presented in the second part. The suggestion, that the subjectively perceived information overload is positively related to the disposable information volume, was confirmed 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0.1 BACKGROUND The acquisition of knowledge, and the use of this knowledge as information, represents an important factor in corporate planning in an age of dynamic market developments. It has become an important economic variable alongside production factors such as work and capital. The exploitation of this factor represents a considerable element for market-orientated corporate management Recent publications have suggested increasingly that the amount of disposable information in (marketing) management exceeds the human processing capacity. Frequently used catchphrases in these discussions are information flood and scarcity of information in an age of surplus information (Bradley, 2000). The information overload problem arises due to the interplay of the technology-related information supply and the information demand derived from the information and decision behaviour of marketing managers. An information overload on the part of the manager is viewed as being detrimental to the efficiency of the various decision processes (Bradley, 2000). Communication and information management system has never been before so easily accomplished as today. With the simple click of a button, internal and external communication can be so effortlessly achieved as with the use of phone connections and desktop computers or laptop devices. It also provides for less capital outlays on the part of the company, as it proves to be the cheapest and most accessible way of transmitting information through a wide variety of media or channels. 1.0.2 BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM Innovation of information technologies have been presented to us in so many ways, that one may now feel an overload of information, achieving a diminishing marginal utility status in our brains. Therefore, we need to organize and reorganize these pieces of information constantly as to be able to keep track of which are valuable to us and which ones are not 1.0.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY All the above will be achieved through primary or secondary research, the use of recommended material and lecture notes, different books, websites and search engine. 2.0 INFORMATION OVERLOAD THEORY Lossee (1999) in article for the Journal of Information Sciences defined information overload as the economic loss associated with the examination of a number of non- or less-relevant messages, as in related to information retrieval models. According to Bawden (2001) the concept of information overload defines situations where an individual is presented with an amount of data which exceeds his or her cognitive capacity. Bradley, (2000) defined information overload as degradation of information. Degradation of information occurs when information is noise like, irrelevant, and interferes with desired signals and when it is redundant, banal, or does not tell enough of interest. One of several definitions of information overload is that there is too much information available in both print and electronic form so that when individuals attempt to sort out the appropriate, relevant and current information from everything else they develop feelings of helplessness (Lossee, 1999). A second definition of information overload is that the mere presence of more information than an individual could possibly assimilate, absorb and synthesize engenders feelings in individuals that the task of finding the information is an onerous one (Payne, 1998). Put another way, information overload occurs when individuals are aware of relevant information but do not have the time to locate and use that information. Even using Web tools like search engines to find information may result in data smog, that is, finding poorly constructed sites or sites of questionable authority. The last definition of information overload is that as the explosion in information continues to grow in a seemingly exponential manner, the individuals ability to be selective in finding and retrieving information does not subsequently grow in tandem (Schroder et al, 1997). The quality of information varies considerably because anyone can publish Web pages provided they have access to a Web server. Information overload is equated with the proliferation of available data and publications and ever-more-comprehensive and widespread automated means of access to them (Schroder et al, 1997). Moreover, research that purports to address the dilemma of information overload does not define or measure it in a fashion that supports its taken for granted cultural status. Solutions to information overload include renewed or revised input from the human intermediary (Payne, 1998) or prioritizing operations performed in electronic environments (Losee, 1999). Studies suggesting solutions to overload are conducted in business settings and embrace decision-making theory and profit motives (Losee, 1999). 3.0 THE CAUSES OF INFORMATION OVERLOAD Having too much information and staffing resources are difficult to manage information effectively, which adds information glut and eventually causes inefficiencies in productivity growth. We cant do anything about the general information overload in our culture, but we can control overload in the context of our marketing messages. First, lets look at what can create information overload in your communications. 3.0.1 LACK OF CLARITY When a person does not understand something, information is nothing more than random data. Even short messages can overwhelm people if the meaning is not clear. In advertising, this is often caused by too many writers working on a single project a sure way to muddle a message. It is also caused by repeat facts without understanding them, by not having a tangible purpose for writing, and by striving to impress rather than communicate. 3.0.2 SEMANTIC DISTORTIONS The word semantic refers to the meaning of words not just the dictionary meaning but the total meaning as interpreted by a reader or listener. This can vary widely depending on education, experiences, and beliefs. You must always ask questions about the perceived meaning of your messages: Do your words say what you intend them to say? Is your headline too clever? Do you get lost in a narrative? Is your tone too upscale? Do you spend too much time on the problem and not enough time on the solution? (Summers, 2004). 3.0.3 POOR RETENTION Generally, direct marketing is more concerned with immediate decisions than image-building or branding. However, its beneficial for people to remember favorable facts about your business (Summers, 2004). Do you make the impression you want to make? Do your prospects hear you? Understand you? Even loyal customers or donors seldom remember much about you. You must continually educate them. 3.0.4 POOR PLANNING Have you thought this through? Is this the best time for your pitch? Is this the best offer? Are you using the best lists? Do you have the best placement? Are you appealing to the best markets? Even the very best copy cannot overcome faulty planning. 3.0.5 DISTRUST People are by nature suspicious. Evolutionary biologists have even said that one of the primary functions of the human brain is to be a cheater detector. You might bend over backwards to be honest, but do people believe you? Are you open and generous with information about your organization? Do you offer a fair guarantee? Do you carefully describe your product or service or programs? Are there drawbacks you should point out? 3.1 THE CURES FOR INFORMATION OVERLOAD Information overload is a human problem that needs a human solution. Before we can design better software, we first need to understand and address our own abilities (or inabilities) to manage information and organize our work day. If we cant do it ourselves, how can we teach software to do it for us? It will just be a case of the blind leading the blind. Technology is a tool for personal productivity, not a replacement. It cant exhibit the good judgment of a human being. Technological solutions can only be as good as the people using and developing it (Haider, and Bawden, 2007). Technology alone wont solve all our personal productivity and information overload problems it can only ease them. If we are inefficient to begin with, no amount of technology will fix that. It will just mean youre inefficient with an expensive toy 3.1.1 KNOW WHEN TO TAKE ACTION Seeking out that latest article can be just one more form of procrastination that keeps you from accomplishing your real goal. Every now and then, stop and assess the information you already have. Do you have enough to move forward right now? If you do, go for it. If you dont, only research the areas that you dont have enough data for yet (Scammon, 1997). 3.1.2 SORT YOUR CURRENT INFORMATION You have huge piles of data, bookmarks for informative pages online, and lots of reference books but you cant find anything. Take the time to organize your data based on the actual goal you have in mind. Start from the beginning and find the information that helps you accomplish your first task, and keep a file for it. Then move on to the next step, and the next. That way you can actually use your information, instead of just collecting it. 3.1.3 KNOW WHEN TO STOP If youre getting soaked by the torrent of information online, its time to get out and dry off. If youre already feeling overwhelmed, take a break and assess what you already know. When you discover specific missing pieces of information you know you need, you can hop back into the water knowing just which drops you need to accomplish your goals. 3.1.4 WHEN TO CONTINUE Data assessors often feel overwhelmed by all the information out there, so its tempting to say Stop! Too much! Sometimes, though, you really dont have enough you just dont want to face the gushing river again. Be honest with yourself about whether youve really mastered a topic. If you need to know more, hold your breath and dive in again (Russo, 2004). 3.1.5 TAKE CONTROL OF EMAIL Dont start your day with email. Set your email so it doesnt download new mail automatically or, at the very least, turn off any alert system. Instead, set a time to check for messages manually preferably later in the day, after youve used your brainpower for more important things. Equally important is that others at your business know how you want email used. Emails should be short, concise, and used only when a conversation is not an option, says Adrian Moorhouse, managing director of executive coaching firm Lane4. The easier communication is to digest, the more likely it is that the messages will be delivered effectively. 3.1.6 BLINDSIDE THE DATA (APPROACH IT FROM AN UNEXPECTED DIRECTION) Break down complex information into sub-groups. Once youve determined a goal, you can chunk your work into groups to achieve it. You can also do this with your to-do lists. According to an experiment at Wilfred Laurier University, (Its About Time: Optimistic Predictions in Work and Love, European Review of Social Psychology) people are generally very bad at estimating when theyll finish their own work, but well at guessing for others. So gauge your timing by using someone elses experience. Youll be less stressed if youre realistic about your workload (Schroeder and Benbasat, 2000). 3.1.7 DO LESS To do less, you should delegate more. Too many managers cant resist the temptation personally to get involved in everything thats happening. But effective delegation means limiting the amount of information you have to process, as well as empowering those around you. Then, ask for regular briefings. 3.1.8 UNPLUG Many managers feel they cant shut off the fire hydrant of information. But they can take a break from it. Its tempting to think that more information makes for better decisions, says Penny de Valk, CEO of the UK-based Institute of Leadership and Management. But in most cases, it just erodes your focus. You need time to synthesize information and generate real intelligence. That takes discipline, of course, but its useful to stop thinking when you are stuck on a project so your brain can recover. You do need to switch off and rebalance your brain chemistry if youre going to come up with new ideas, says Rock. Stefan Sagmeister of New York-based design firm Sagmeister says he so much believes in the power of time off that he closes up shop for 12 months every seven years to pursue little experiments that he doesnt have time for in his daily life. 3.1.9 IMPROVED EFFICIENCY An online marketer would be more efficient in his or her work if he or she has complete access to useful resources. Only choose practical courses and information that can help you to improve your work and your business as well. Most programs that claim to be really effective and powerful produce minimal results. Therefore, instead of going for a program that is loaded with almost everything that they say you need, go for something that will give you the newest courses and techniques one at a time, well laid-out and smooth (Wilkie, 2001). 3.1.10 CONSISTENT TRAINING Every information technology has to be updated online with the latest information overload solutions and marketing strategies applicable in the business. By having a laid out program, you are to learn new things about online marketing regularly. Hence, you will not run out of any ideas and your skills will continuously be honed as you learn something new each time. If youre not sure of the latest technologies and techniques, you and the business you are running will lag behind. 3.1.11 HOLISTIC KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT It is not enough that you settle for one reference material only. If you want to have a holistic development and have a deeper understanding about, how to overcome on information overload you should look into other courses and programs that have been proven by the entire business community (Virkus, 2003). If you look into these materials, you will learn more about the different techniques and will soon be able to find a way of doing it yourself. You can compete with it or at the least prevent information overload as you arm yourself with proper information overload solutions and strategies. 4.0 HOW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPROVE DECISION MAKING A majority of workers today are knowledge workers they spend time creating, distributing, or using information. Example: bankers, coordinators, caseworkers, counselors, community organizers, programmers, etc About 80% of an executives time is devoted to information receiving, communicating, and using it. Information is the basis for virtually all activities performed in an organization Best use of two key ingredients in organizations people and information Effective utilization of information systems in management Productive use of information Information is a resource to increase efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness of an enterprise Some Examples of MIS Airline reservations (seat, booking, payment, schedules, boarding list, special needs, etc.) Train reservation Bank operations (deposit, transfer, withdrawal) 4.1 TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Information system aims at processing data: to capture details of transactions, to enable people to make decisions, and/or to communicate between people and locations. 4.1.1 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM Reasons for TP are recording, classification, sorting, calculation, summarization, storage and display of results 4.1.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Provide information for decision support where information requirements that can be identified in advance Decisions supported by this frequently occur. 4.1.3 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM Assist with unique and non-recurring decisions, which are relatively unstructured mainly what factors to consider and what information are needed. New software should be used by the users in ABC Bank an there is evident of resistance for adopting change in using the new software due to the fact that such users are worried as they are acquainted of using the old software. Truly, culture and brain metaphor appear relevant to the situation as organization change in terms of software utilization is visible and this astounds to the culture of ABC Bank but, can impose such organizational conflicts and issues leading to diverse ideas as reflected within the organizations brain, the people comprising the ABC Bank (Schroder et al, 1997). The brain must be learning, self organizing, entity and that, the brains very hardware must disassemble, reorganize, restructure and in response to data. In most man-made machines, the data is external to the processing unit. It enters and exits the machine through designated ports but does not affect the machines structure or functioning as not so the brain reconfigures itself with every bit of data and then one can say that new brain is created every time single bit of information is processed. Thus, ABC bank will need to integrate and should go along with Decision Support System (DDS), as there maybe interactive computerized systems that help decision makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems with user friendly interface, data and expert knowledge (Schroeder, and Benbasat, 2000). While appreciating potential of technology, it may be noted that technology has not been received in totality by the decision makers and implementers, who are responsible for executing certain management plans in the field. Decision Support System offers the system, which captures knowledge of experts and acquirements of decision makers. In fact, DSS is software that establishes the required relations between the present conditions along with needed management requirement. 4.1.4 OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM Combine word processing, telecommunications and data processing to automate office information. Draw on stored data as a result of data processing. It also includes handling of correspondence, reports and documents. 4.2 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS Management is the act or skill of transforming resources (land, labor, capital and information) onto output to accomplish a desired result or objective. Planning Establishing goals and developing policies, procedures, and programs to achieve them Organizing Grouping activities and establishing organizational structures and procedures to ensure that the activities are performed Staffing Obtaining and training personnel to work in the organization in order to achieve goals and objectives Controlling Measuring performance against goals and objectives and developing procedures for adjusting goals, procedures, or activities. Communicating Transferring information on goals, objectives, and performance to personnel throughout the organization and the environment 4.3 TYPES OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION Seven types of information are necessary for top-level managers. 1. Comfort information: informs about current situation or achievement levels that are tuned to expectations. (Clients served, target achieved, patients treated, operations conducted, etc.) 2. Status information or progress information: keeps abreast of current problem and crises and changes (progress on office construction, status of research study, labor negotiation, grant application) 3. Warning information: signals that change for good or worse are occurring (stock price, turn over, client complaints, etc). 4. Planning information: descriptions of projects/programs due in future, knowledge of anticipated developments (future of funding, future of federal/provincial support) 5. Internal operations information: indicators on how organization/ program is performing. 6. External intelligence: information, gossip, and opinions about activities in the environment of the agency. Competition, funding policies, political changes, emerging social policies, etc. 7. Externally distributed information: annual report before release, quarterly progress report for donors, press releases about the agency, publicity material before printing, etc. Among these, the first five are internal to the organization. Two are external to the organization 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS As an obvious fact, both consumers and managers face a more extensive supply of information and consequently face a rising risk of an information flood and a personal information overload. Based on the discussions above, it is found out that information is a key resource of the organization, together with people, finances and material assets. Thus, it is accepted to state that information is a business issue. The discussion above revealed that through effective information management of the organizations resources and systems, organization administrators can add value to the services delivered to customers, reduce risks in the organizations business, reduce the costs of business development and service delivery and encourage improvement in internal business processes and external service implementation. It is recommended that when developing an information system just commences to make sure it produces important information and not data. It is better to build a report that is ideal for a specific need then to make a report based on a predefined concession between several users. The shaped information will have value and increases insight into information needs and the way the business is looked at. Adding more and more information to the system and solving the problems as they occur will eventually lead to a system as mentioned. In fact, that is the way any functional Information System is developed. Having an experienced team helping you take the first steps and educating your staff in the first period can make all the difference.