Questions On International Trade Liberalisation - 991 Words

rages on, especially after periods of financial crisis, when countries retreat into protectionism due to the need to protect their domestic economy, encouraging domestic spending and production, and restraining trade with other nations through tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas and other restrictive government regulations (Fouda, R. 2012). At the other end of the scale, we have free trade, a system which favours the exchange of goods and Nowadays, this is the predominant system in Europe, promoted by the EU both in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) context and bilaterally with certain regions. There are three basic approaches to international trade liberalisation. In the first place, we have the international approach, whose purpose is a multilateral reduction in trade restrictions. The organizational framework in which these negotiations are conducted is the WTO, which superseded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created after World War II to boost economic recovery (Kreinin, M., 2016). In the second place, we have open regionalism, in which groups of countries agree to reduce restrictions on trade both between themselves and with other countries, that is, external liberalization by trade blocs, although the degree of liberalization on imports from non-member countries doesn’t need to be as high as that for member countries. Within this approach, we can find the APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) that encompasses most of the East AsianShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Trade On The International Trade Market1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe international trade of goods across the world accounts for approximately 60% of the world Gross Domestic Product (The World Bank, 2014). A great proportion of goods transactions occur every second. The primary question is whether international trade benefits a country as an entirety, and, if so, why would a country implement protective trade policies to restrict particular exports? To address this question, this essay aims to ex plore the impact of trade on various economic stakeholders, includingRead MoreGlobal Economic Development As A Trade Policy Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal economic development as a trade policy However, would the idea of mercantilists who emphasize the only national benefits, productivity, or competitiveness fit to the current globalised world? Krugman (1996) denies the idea of mercantilism as they do not fully understand the meaning of comparative advantage. Comparative Advantage is an economic law made by David Richard in 1817 who expanded Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. Comparative Advantage law encourages free trade that stimulate market competitionRead MoreHigh Fat Diets And Western Eating Habits1714 Words   |  7 Pagesquality from malnutrition lowers ones immunity to infectious diseases among a strata of individuals whom are already vulnerable to other health risks (e.g. lack of clean water, poor hygiene, lack of health care etc.) (Hawkes, 2006). This calls into question how else the poor are being marginalised, particularly as globalisation is increasing their vulnerability to disease and heightening the levels of income disparity. For the sake of this pap er, we will look at two key processes which will be discussedRead MoreRelationship Between Trade And Health2224 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship between trade and health is a complex one. Reflecting on these issues leads to questions on the nature of health itself, and its governance. Ultimately it is an inquiry into whether this relationship is one-sided or reciprocal. The primary investigation is into how trade affects health, the seemingly one-sided relationship. Cornia (2001) provides a search into how globalisation or the liberalisation of international trade can affect public health. He claims that, if well managed, trade liberalisationRead MoreEssay The Global Financial Crisis and Protectionism617 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1 Why do you think calls for protectionism are greater during sharp economic contractions than boom periods? Answer: Calls from business for protection could be based on the fact that in times of sharp economic contractions there is generally a reduced demand for goods and services within the local market. This results in foreign companies and their goods and services competing with domestic companies and their goods and services in a local market characterized by a reduction in demandRead More The Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization Essay3031 Words   |  13 Pageseconomic and political life. In order to answer the question of whether or not globalisation is a progressive or negative force, I must first define globalisation. Then I shall examine the impact of globalisation on the population and finally determine whether this is a positive or negative impact. There are five different aspects that I have chosen in order to define the phenomenon of globalisation. They are internationalisation, liberalisation, universilisation, westernisation, and deterritorializationRead MoreRecent Decades Have Witnessed an Acceleration of Economic Globalisation, in Particular International Trade. Is Trade Openness the Key Strategy to Achieve Economic Development? What Lessons Could You Draw for Policy Making?3265 Words   |  14 Pageswitnessed an acceleration of economic globalisation, in particular international trade. Is trade openness the key strategy to achieve economic development? What lessons could you draw for policymaking? Support your arguments with economic theory and empirical evidence from developing countries’. Introduction In this essay, I shall critically examine the statement put forward – and test whether trade openness is the key strategy to achieving economic development, andRead MoreFree Trade s Defence : The Ricardian Theory Of Trade1670 Words   |  7 PagesTrade’s defence. The Ricardian theory of trade states that â€Å"Trade is a positive-sum game and therefore there are no losers across or within countries† (dowling). On the contrary, Paul Krugman questions the necessity of free trade and the notion presented by this theory. Asserting that even though free trade agreements seem to provide a win-win outcome for countries, one country is guaranteed to benefit much more; establishing a winner and loser (Krugman free trade passe). These different ideologies areRead MoreThe Author Demonstrates A Well Written Engaging Argument1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthe key points in the disparity of bilateral trade between China and the US. Meanwhile, discussion on key aspects of reasoning is lacking with emphasises on developing several points rather than expanding on thought provoking discussion. Noteworthy improvements can be ensued to make the article deep in analysis and so warrant publication. Firstly, the author examines the signification of the varying differences in calculating the precise amount of trade deficit. In my opinion the paper would be strengthenedRead MoreInternational Organisations, Agreements And Governance1376 Words   |  6 Pagescontext of international trade, supranational structures are necessary for all parties’ best interests. With globalisation proceeding at an ever increasing pace, the frequencies and magnitudes of economic interactions between actors of different states increases exponentially (Nye, 298). Growing complex interdependence creates a common interest for cooperation, in terms of pursuing a common framework of regulation and establishing a common standard (Nye, 299-301). As such, this begs the question of how

The Development Of Social Citizenship - 859 Words

This essay summarises the chapter The development of social citizenship in Britain. The chapter begins by exploring Aflred Marshall s idea that a right to a state funded education was essential to developing citizenship in the late 19th to mid 20th century. The chapter then takes an in depth look at how the changes to the welfare provided in the first two decades of the twentieth century paying close attention to Fiona Williams argument that social divisions such as class, race and gender shaped the way policies were made. Finally, the chapter discusses T.H. Marshall s account of citizenship. Alfred Marshall could be considered as forward thinking. He believed that the state in the late 19th century had the means to provide a free education to all men and that this would benefit individuals and society alike. He thought it could benefit individuals with regards to improvement in social status and society in that more civilised men would take pride in themselves and their work and wo uld be less likely to fall below the poverty line. He believed that men could become more civilised by working less gruelling hours and devoting more time to leisurely activities. Alfred Marshall was prepared for PEOPLE who may say shorter working days would lead to less productivity but points out that introduction of machinery into the workplace meant manual work was being done more efficiently freeing up time for men to take up hobbies and spend more time with family. His general aimShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The Personal Development For Citizenship Education1220 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Development Purpose to Citizenship Education I believe there is an immense responsibility on a Social Studies teacher to develop good and responsible students who value their identity and citizenship. The Alberta Social Studies curriculum emphasizes that, â€Å"the dynamic relationship between citizenship and identity forms the basis for skills and learning outcomes in the program of studies† (Alberta Education 2005, p. 3). How a teacher chooses to explore the relationship between citizenship andRead MoreReflecting On Personal Identity And Global Citizenship Essay1083 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 1 Reflecting on Personal Identity and Global Citizenship Christopher Shattah GEN499: General Education Capstone Stephen Carter May 1, 2016 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 2 Reflecting on Personal Identity and Global Citizenship The importance of educating others on global citizenship is a very important factor to consider when it comes to human rights for all. This type of subject is an important subject, especially when it comesRead MoreCitizenship Of The United States1286 Words   |  6 Pagesimplemented to grant citizenship to individuals born within the country. This was the first time that it was defined what it means to be a citizen in the U.S. While the amendment was created to address the citizenship of slaves, it is currently under speculation in regards to granting U.S. citizenship to children born to undocumented immigrants (Gans, 2012). While there have been many arguments to place restrictions or eradicate granting children of undocumented immigrants U.S. citizenship, the constitutionalRead MoreThe Western Model Of Urbanization Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesMorgan Hung October 20, 2016 Cities and Citizenship Prof. Fredericks The Issue with the Western Model of Urbanization From the colonial period to modern globalization, the importance of nations has increased immensely. Post colonialism, nations that were once under foreign rule were faced with the challenge of identifying themselves as independent states. In an effort to break away from their colonial legacies, the focus on nationality and citizenship became an important question. Nations wereRead MoreAn Analysis of Christian Joppkes The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship Theory1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿In his essay The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship, Christian Joppke discusses the phenomenon whereby the subjective value of citizenship is decreasing in the face of globalization, because allegiance to a particular nation-state is far less important than the transnational transfer of wealth and ideology. At the same time, the objective value of citizenship in the right (meaning wealthy and relatively free) countries is increasing, because being born in one of these countries means that Read MoreThe West Human Rights1445 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of citizenship can be traced back to ancient Greece. In classical Greek societies, the city-state was a public realm for free men to participate in the affairs of the state and act as a collective insurance against external threats and internal conflicts. It should be noted that citizenship in the Greek city-state was an inherited privileged status. It was not until the Hellenistic and Roman times that the status of citizenship was conferred on commoners. The Romans assigned citizenship of variousRead MoreAsfasf754 Words   |  4 Pagesto economic issues. b. Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society. c. Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. d. Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. 2. The Transformation of theRead MoreA Study on Global Social Process654 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Social Process: Global social processes are mainly dependent on long waves of economic growth since these waves are the basic vehicle for essential and long-term, technological change in the world economy. Sporadic collections of radical innovation expand the technological frontier and transform the ways things are carried out in developed economies. 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One way or another, we are all global citizens’, for example, by the virtue of study abroad programs, students interact with localRead MoreEthical Communication Citizenship1336 Words   |  6 Pagesessay will be to examine how social and cultural changes have forced corporations to re-evaluate many of the principles they work upon, it will open up by looking at a few of the major ethical issues that corporations must deal with when serving the needs of the community. The essay will explore the Werribee Residents Against a Toxic Dump (WRATD) case study and highlight some of the key errors CSR made when handling the debate over the proposed landfill development. It will also suggest that the

Simulation in Teaching Clinical Reasoning Skills †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Simulation in Teaching Clinical Reasoning Skills. Answer: Introduction: Clinical reasoning is the process by which the clinicians and the nurses collect the cues, do the processing of the information, evaluate the problem or situation of the patient, plan interventions and implement them, evaluate the outcomes of the interventions and increase their knowledge from the process. The process of the Clinical reasoning is a cyclic process of interlinked clinical meetings rather than a linear process (Croft, et.al, 2017). For the development of the clinical reasoning model, the thinking strategies involved are description of the situation of the patient, collection of the information of new patient, reviewed and relate the information, interpretation of the information, recalled the knowledge, discrimination between the irrelevant and the relevant information, matching and predication of the information analysis of the information for diagnosing and identification of the problem, establishment of the goal and objective, selection of an action course and their evaluation (Croft, et.al, 2017). It is the prior responsibility of the nurse when he or she entered the patient room immediately collect the relevant data conclude the information and initiation of the relevant management. According to the clinical reasoning cycle, the health care professional has to examine and discuss the stages in the clockwise direction for the facilitation of decision making and empowering the clear care plan formulation (Lapkin, et.al,2010). The patients suffering from the chronic condition, the care required by these patients are influenced by the multiple factors and care prioritization given to these patients depend upon clinical care and patient needs both. There are number of principle that can be used for the management of the chronic condition Development of partnership with the patient related to the treatment Focus on the concern and priorities of the patient Follow the five As principle that are assessment, advise, agreement, assistance and arrangement Support self-management of the patient Organization of proactive supplements Linkage of the patients with support and resources that are community based Use of the written information such as registers, treatment cards and plans, for the patient monitoring and reminder, there should also proper documentation Assure the patient regarding care continuity In the case of the Peter Mitchell, care priority could be determined by understanding the clinical and the patient needs both. There should be maintenance of the treatment partnership with the patient and focus on the priorities and concern of the Mitchell. As in the case of Peter Mitchell, there is no one to take care of him so, primary health care nurse should support self-management of the Peter and try to connect him with the community support and resources. In the case of Peter management of the information in written format is necessary as it will help him to monitor and also reminds him about the treatment plan and progress. To know about the top two priorities of the care treatment, in the case of the peter Mitchell, the primary health care nurse has to follow the clinical reasoning cycle of Levett-Jones(Lapkin, et.al,2010).. As it is a cyclic process, there are numbers of stages or steps that have to be followed. The first step is the consideration of the situation of the patient. The situation means the disease condition of the patient either chronic or acute; the pathetic condition from which the patient is suffering, which medication and treatment are given to them (Levett-Jones et al., 2010). In the case of Peter Mitchell, the primary health care nurse should consider the situation of the patient. As from the case study, it is clear that Peter is 52 years old and suffering from the Type 2 diabetes and morbid obesity. By examining all the above information, the primary health care nurse can easily have the knowledge about the situation of the Peter Mitchell. In the second step of the clinical reasoning cycle, there is the collection of the cues and the information of the patient such as the review on the current medical history and collection of the information related to the current activity and the treatment given to the patient. In the case study, from the first stage, it is cleared that Peter is suffering from Type 2 diabetics, obesity and sleep apnoea (ODonnell, Jones, Howard, 2012). The current history of Peter Mitchell is that he was admitted to the hospital with the syndrome of obesity ventilation, uncontrolled diabetes, and sleep apnoea. His general physician referred him after he was examined with the diaphoresis, shakiness, high level of BGL, increased hunger and breathing problem during sleeping. He is a big smoker for 30 years and approximately smokes about 12 cigarettess/day. Examination of the past medical history revealed that he is suffering from Type 2 diabetes that was diagnosed 9 years ago, Hypertension, Obesity (wei ght 145kgs having 50.2m2BMI), Sleep apnoea, Depression that is diagnosed 3 months prior by General Physician), Gastro oesophageal reflux disease (Bloomgarden, 2006). The current medication given to the peter is Metformin 500mg BD, Insulin Novomix 30 B D, Nexium 20mg daily Lisinopril 10mg daily, Pregabalin (Lyrica) 50mg nocte, Metoprolol 50mg BD and on dischare from the hospital the last observations are height 170 cms, Weight 145 kgs, HR 102 RR 23 Bpm, BP 180/92 mmHg, Sp02 95% on RA (Bloomgarden, 2006). When Peter was previously admitted, he was seen by the dietician that recommended him the low energy and diet having high protein content for the weight reduction. The general physician of the Peter had already discussed the weight losing for the betterment of the disease condition but the Peter had done nothing to reduce weight because it seemed to be very hard for the peter (Uday, Campbell, Shepherd, 2014). The physiotherapist reviewed the Peter and recommended the light exercises. After that, the Peter was discharged from the hospital and referred to the community care unit for weight management and clinical care. From all the above information, it is easy for the primary health care nurse to collect the cues and the whole information of the Peter Mitchell. It is cleared that the chronic condition of the peter is due to his carelessness, social isolation, diabetes, smoking and obesity. In the third step, there is recognition of the changes in the patient condition. In the case of Peter Mitchell, the condition was not much critical in the initial stage; he was just suffering from the diabetes and having the insulin therapy. But as the time goes on his social isolation, obesity has worsened his condition. As peter has no family support, there is no one to motivate him for his health and support in the treatment. Due to his obesity and smoking habit, his diabetic condition become chronic and have effect on the functioning of other organs also such as problem of hypertension, sleep aponea, depression and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Thus, with time, his condition became chronic. So, from the study of the condition, cues and collection of information of the Peter, and processing of the information, it is clear to the health professional nurse that the top two priorities of the care for the peter Mitchell is Diabetic control and Obesity (Wilkin, 2011). After that, the primary health care nurse should identify the problems and issues that he or she will face during the care management. The nurse should follow the chronic health care principles for the management of the issues and problems that will faced during the primary chronic care by nurse and the Peter. In the case, Peter has no supportive system and motivation. The primary care nurse should follow the principle of the self-management, linkage with the support and resources of the community. The nurse should use the written documentation for the monitoring and reminding of the Peter and assured the Peter that there will be continued care. In the peter case, by following the clinical reasoning cycle first four steps, the health care nurse will be cleared about the top two priorities of care and issues that will be faced by peter and nurse during the care. After that, the nurse has to design the health care plan by the establishment of the care goals (Elding Larsson, 2016). As in the case of peter, the two priorities are diabetes and obesity, so the nurse has to make care plan accordingly by considering the issues and problems that will interfere in overcoming the goals of the care plan (Sosenko, Skyler, Herold Palmer, 2012). As in the case of peter, care plan could consider the issues and problems such as motivation for high protein and low calorie diet, treatment to reducing smoking and social care. After the consideration of above all concerns the primary health care should make plan to provide the priority care on diabetic and obesity. As in the case of peter, the nurse care plan should include the consultation the dietician for making the diet plan, motivation of the peter for weight management through little exercise and smoking habit reduction, his linkage with society and community and proper following of the treatment plan (Cleland, 2017). After the development of the care plan, the primary health care nurse should implement the plan and do the regular check in that either plan is followed properly or not. (Sosenko, Skyler, Herold Palmer, 2012). There is evaluation of the outcomes of the care plan, after following the care plan properly; the nurse should do the evaluation of the outcomes that is done by evaluating the two priorities that was chosen. If, in the Peter case, evaluation suggest that there is some improvement in his diabetic condition and he has reduce some weight then it means that care plan is effective and successful. If it will not happen then it means the care plan is not appropriate and requires changes (Cleland, 2017). By the following the Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle, it is concluded that in case of the Peter if his diabetic and obesity will be controlled and rest of the disease condition can easy to recover. References Bloomgarden, Z. (2006). Glycemic Treatment in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes Care,29(11), 2549-2555. Cleland, S. (2017). Double diabetes: the cardiovascular implications of combining type 1 with type 2 diabetes.Practical Diabetes,34(6), 210-213. Croft, H., Gilligan, C., Rasiah, R., Levett-Jones, T., Schneider, J. (2017). Thinking in Pharmacy Practice: A Study of Community Pharmacists Clinical Reasoning in Medication Supply Using the Think-Aloud Method.Pharmacy,6(1), 1. Elding Larsson, H. (2016). A Swedish approach to the prevention of type 1 diabetes.Pediatric Diabetes,17, 73-77. Lapkin, S., Levett-Jones, T., Bellchambers, H., Fernandez, R. (2010). Effectiveness of Patient Simulation Manikins in Teaching Clinical Reasoning Skills to Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Systematic Review.Clinical Simulation In Nursing,6(6), e207-e222. Levett-Jones, T., Hoffman, K., Dempsey, J., Jeong, S., Noble, D., Norton, C. et al. (2010). The five rights of clinical reasoning: An educational model to enhance nursing students ability to identify and manage clinically at risk patients.Nurse Education Today,30(6), 515-520. Liaw, S., Rashasegaran, A., Wong, L., Deneen, C., Cooper, S., Levett-Jones, T. et al. (2018). Development and psychometric testing of a Clinical Reasoning Evaluation Simulation Tool (CREST) for assessing nursing students' abilities to recognize and respond to clinical deterioration.Nurse Education Today,62, 74-79. ODonnell, J., Levett-Jones, T., Decker, S., Howard, V. (2012). NLN-Jeffries Simulation Framework Project Outcomes of Simulation Education.Clinical Simulation In Nursing,8(8), e410. Sosenko, J., Skyler, J., Herold, K., Palmer, J. (2012). The Metabolic Progression to Type 1 Diabetes as Indicated by Serial Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1.Diabetes,61(6), 1331-1337. Stuhlmller, A., Goodman, N. (2014). Reasoning about reasoning by nested conditioning: Modeling theory of mind with probabilistic programs.Cognitive Systems Research,28, 80-99. Uday, S., Campbell, F., Cropper, J., Shepherd, M. (2014). Monogenic diabetes and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a challenging combination.Practical Diabetes,31(8), 327-330. Wilkin, T. (2011). The convergence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in childhood.Pediatric Diabetes,13(4), 334-339.

Religion The nineteenth century

Introduction The nineteenth century was a time of great revolution in the fields of agriculture, communication, transportation, technology, marketing and industry. It is in this period that the collapse of great empires like Portugal, Spain, Mughal, China, and the Holy Roman kingdom happened.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Religion: The nineteenth century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, great empires like Germany, Britain, Japan and United States came into being. Great philosophers and religious leaders such as William Booth, who was the main founder of the Salvation Army, Karl Max, Ellen White, and John Stuart Mill, a great philosopher, among others, also arose in this century.1 This century marked the beginning of great evangelical revivals in various protestant churches. In this century, the modern scientific theory started having its way into the church, something that transformed the way Christians view their faith. Scientific theories like Darwinism encouraged Christian followers to become inquisitive and many of them started doubting the beliefs and values they previously held.2 Consequently, Christians deviated from the regular and traditional observance of religion and belief in biblical teachings to secularism and faith in personal gods.3 As soon as the radical effects of scientific secularism became prevalent in the Christian churches, several theologians and scholars like Friedrich Schleiermacher came up to defend Christianity.4 Unfortunately, their defense did little to protect Christianity from the criticism it faced, since it led to the emergence of liberal theology and Christianity. Liberal theology is on the other side of the same secularism coin, in view of the fact that it facilitated further criticism against the bible after its inception. Liberal theology is defined as a flexible method of understanding and knowing God. Although it uses the scrip ture, liberal theology still applies the same interpretations and principles used in exploring non-biblical ancient writings.5 This new philosophy has made it almost impossible for Christians to continue believing the bible is a divinely inspired script that is supposed to dictate their spiritual lives. Instead, they subject the bible to human reasoning and questioning, an action that greatly compromises its authority.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This compromise is so grave such that the bible is taken to be an anthology that records the author’s own feelings and beliefs about God.6 Liberalism has led to the emergence of further criticisms against the bible, therefore creating more reliance on human experience rather than the bible. In an attempt to reject this influence, various radicals have decided to acquire their own religion. Christian fundamentalist s arose to oppose these critical approaches to the scripture during the nineteenth century.7 However, their opposition was a futile attempt as it did not prevent atheistic scientific theories from influencing Christians. These criticisms have led to the emergence of new knowledge concerning religion and science, a factor that has encouraged deism among Christians. It appears like every effort to defend God or the bible results into further attacks on Christianity. Although the intentions of earlier scholars and theologians like Friedrich Schleiermacher were to defend the scriptures, at some point they deviated from this objective. What Went Wrong? Deviation from Initial Intentions Modern scientific theories like Darwinism are responsible for secularism, the religion of humanity that does not acknowledge or give any credit to God or allow His worship.8 Secularism and humanism mainly focus on cultural achievements of humans and their possibility of getting fulfillment in this world. D arwin’s theories place the authority of the bible at stake since theories of evolution make the creation story in Genesis to appear erroneous. They make the bible look like a simple a collection of different literary genres such as poetry, parables and stories among others, which simply speak of human experiences. This has led to the development of new critical approaches to the bible, aimed at questioning the facts contained in it. In the nineteenth century, the liberal Christians emerged to defend the authority of the scripture and the reality and existence of God, but they erred when they deviated from conservative Christian beliefs to secularism.9 These liberals also compromise Christianity by subjecting the principles of the bible to human reasoning and wisdom instead of relying on faith.10 Darwinism theory promotes modernism, which motivates some Protestants to formulate a liberalistic approach to Christianity. Even though these scholars’ main aim is defending th e authority of the bible, they normally subject it to further criticism.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Religion: The nineteenth century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ, says that Christianity probably appears as foolishness to the intelligent.11 He says that the bible is spiritually discerned and can appear as nonsense when subjected to the reasoning of human beings.12 Subjecting biblical concepts to criticisms that are based on the understanding of humans, is considered erroneous since their wisdom, knowledge, and intelligence is limited. How the efforts to defend God or scriptures resulted into the breakdown of an attack on Christian thought The efforts by the liberals to defend the scripture were necessary at that time when a lot of criticism was being directed towards its authority. However, instead of resolving the issue, this defense led to further criticisms ag ainst Christianity as outlined below: The movement focused more on retaining the spiritual and religious values of Christianity while at the same time denying the infallible authority of the scripture upon which these values are based. This attempt to exclude the bible from Christianity gave room for other teachings to define it. This provision compromised the basis upon which Christianity is built. Instead of looking at the bible in its complete perspective, including the divine and corporeal aspects, this movement was attached to the physical aspects of the word of God. The bible defines itself as a scripture that is spiritual and divine.13 After doing away with the divine aspect of the bible, they made it appear like any other literal work or book of fiction that advocates for secularism. This movement was aimed at denying the scripture its rightful authority. Denying the word of God amounts to denying God’s authority and power and this is manifested in acts such as quest ioning His existence. The existence of God and the authority of the scripture are the essence of Christianity and are the pillars upon which this faith is based. The removal of these facts makes Christianity no different from atheism. These efforts were aimed at reconciling Darwinism and Christianity. Scientific reasoning diluted Christianity and its influence, and altered its teachings, values and beliefs. This movement denounced the existence of miracles and divine healings and people started preferring naturalistic explanations. Miracles started being dismissed as legends or myths that did not exist and by this they denounced the existent of the spiritual world. The bible declares that God is a spiritual being that is invisible.14 The fact that a person has never experienced a miracle or seen God does not nullify His existence. Denying His existence only leads to further attacks on Christianity. This movement is more of a Darwinism interest group as it lays emphasis on the value and importance of the individual rather than that of God. It aims at improving the life of human beings rather than strengthening their relationship with their creator, which is the major aim of Christianity. This movement has made the belief in God to be based on individual experiences, since its followers misconstrue the bible to be a collection of the author’s own personal experiences with Him. This belief held by liberalists has completely changed Christianity in terms of the way it is perceived and interpreted. In conclusion, the attempt by the nineteenth century theologians and scholars to defend the bible against the influence of Darwinism only encouraged more criticism against Christianity. This attempt was a way to accommodate the humanism beliefs portrayed by Darwin, which eventually led to the emergence of a new religion called liberal Christianity. Liberal Christianity is responsible for the persistent criticisms against the bible and has since its inception only led to further disagreements among Christians. Bibliography Ayers, Philip E. What Ever Happened to Respect? Bloomington: Author House, 2006. Barnes, Michael H. Understanding Religion and Science: Introducing the Debate. London: Continuum International Publishing, 2010. Webster, John B., and George P. Schner. Theology after Liberalism: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Footnotes 1 Michael H. Barnes, Understanding Religion and Science: Introducing the Debate (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2010), 2. 2 Ibid., 2. 3 Ibid., 2. 4 Ibid., 27 5 John B. Webster and George P. Schner, Theology after Liberalism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000), 346. 6 Michael H. Barnes, Understanding Religion and Science: Introducing the Debate (London: Continuum International Publishing, 2010), 104. 7 John B. Webster and George P. Schner, Theology after Liberalism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000), 24. 8 Philip E. Ayers, What Ever Happened to Respect? (Bloomington: Author House, 2006), 94. 9 John B. Webster and George P. Schner, Theology after Liberalism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000), 104. 10 1 Cor. 2:5 11 Ibid., 1: 21 12 Ibid., 1: 18 13 2 Tim 3:16 14 John. 4:24 This research paper on Religion: The nineteenth century was written and submitted by user RoxanneSimpson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.