Ecodisc :: essays research papers

Ecodisc Ecodisc is a program which allows the user to take on the role of a Nature Reserve Manager. It was designed by a man named Peter Bratt, and Englishman in South Devon. Ecodisc is designed so that the user can see what effects certain changes can make on the environment with out actually making the changes. Ecodisc is a good educational tool showing new users the effects of certain decisions. It can also be used a map, because it lets you see various parts of the nature reserve without actually going there. Ecodisc allows the user to take on the role of a nature reserve manger, which is the person who basically decides what changes will be made to the nature reserve. With aid of the Ecodisc, the results of decisions can be shown without actually doing anything, or doing any harm to the environment. Ecodisc allows users to explore various parts of the nature reserve and view it from different positions. You can see the area from any direction (north, south, east or west), and even from a helicopter position. Ecodisc lets you see the areas of the reserve from any part of the year. For example, you could view the reserve in the middle of winter and see what it looks like in summer. Ecodisc is one of the first interactive programmes, and there are hopes of some day there being interactive broadcast television. This is a breakthrough in visual entertainment, because while television lets you see a place, interactive video will let you explore it. Interactive video is where the viewer decides the plot and characters of a movie, or show. The viewer will basically be able to write their own scripts and produce the movie at the same time. Ecodisc would be very good for showing students (or anyone) interested in managing nature reserves, working for national parks or just as an interest

television :: essays research papers

Television was not invented by a single inventor, instead many people working together and alone, contributed to the evolution of TV. 1831: Joseph Henry's and Michael Faraday's work with electromagnetism makes possible the era of electronic communication to begin. 1862: Abbe Giovanna Caselli invents his "pantelegraph" and becomes the first person to transmit a still image over wires. 1873: Scientists May and Smith experiment with selenium and light, this opens the door for inventors to transform images into electronic signals. 1876: Boston civil servant George Carey was thinking about complete television systems and in 1877 he put forward drawings for what he called a "selenium camera" that would allow people to "see by electricity." Eugen Goldstein coins the term "cathode rays" to describe the light emitted when an electric current was forced through a vacuum tube. Late 1870's: Scientists and engineers like Paiva, Figuier, and Senlecq were suggesting alternative designs for "telectroscopes." 1880: Inventors like Bell and Edison theorize about telephone devices that transmit image as well as sound. Bell's photophone used light to transmit sound and he wanted to advance his device for image sending. George Carey builds a rudimentary system with light-sensitive cells. 1881: Sheldon Bidwell experiments with telephotography, another photophone. 1884: Paul Nipkow sends images over wires using a rotating metal disk technology calling it the "electric telescope" with 18 lines of resolution. 1900: At the World's Fair in Paris, the 1st International Congress of Electricity was held, where Russian, Constantin Perskyi made the first known use of the word "television." Soon after, the momentum shifted from ideas and discussions to physical development of TV systems. Two paths were followed: Mechanical television - based on Nipkow's rotating disks, and Electronic television - based on the cathode ray tube work done independently in 1907 by English inventor A.A. Campbell-Swinton and Russian scientist Boris Rosing. 1906: Lee de Forest invents the "Audion" vacuum tube that proved essential to electronics. The Audion was the first tube with the ablity to amplify signals. Boris Rosing combines Nipkow's disk and a cathode ray tube and builds the first working mechanical TV system. 1907: Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing suggest using cathode ray tubes to transmit images - independent of each other, they both develop electronic scanning methods of reproducing images. American Charles Jenkins and Scotsman John Baird followed the mechanical model while Philo Farnsworth, working independently in San Francisco, and Russian à ©migrà © Vladimir Zworkin, working for Westinghouse and later RCA, advanced the electronic model.

Vioxx and Merck & Co. Essay -- essays research papers

Vioxx/Merck Summary The painkiller Vioxx was introduced in 1999 by Merck & Co. It has been used by over 20 million Americans since it was put on the market. Vioxx remained on the market for approximately five years without adequate warnings about its risks. In September of 2004, Merck took Vioxx off the market after a study revealed that it doubled the risk of heart attack or stroke for patients that used it for more than 18 months. Although Merck claimed that they had no idea of these possibly lethal side effects, some internal documents imply that they had been aware of the problem for years and had not made moves to change it. Over 300 lawsuits have been filed against Merck, and it is expected that thousands more will arise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further studies were conducted on the drug, but Merck adamantly fought Vioxx findings. Even thou Merck funded and agreed with the design of the study, it publicly discredited its findings. Other reports showed that in older patients, Vioxx made no provide as much protection as it is expected to. One study links Vioxx to 88,000 to140,000 cases of heart disease. Most of this information had been kept private for quite a long time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the obvious health risks, in February of 2005, government advisers concluded that the benefits of Vioxx outweighed the dangers and that it was the patients decision whether or not to keep using the drugs. They stated that the prescription products should ... Vioxx and Merck & Co. Essay -- essays research papers Vioxx/Merck Summary The painkiller Vioxx was introduced in 1999 by Merck & Co. It has been used by over 20 million Americans since it was put on the market. Vioxx remained on the market for approximately five years without adequate warnings about its risks. In September of 2004, Merck took Vioxx off the market after a study revealed that it doubled the risk of heart attack or stroke for patients that used it for more than 18 months. Although Merck claimed that they had no idea of these possibly lethal side effects, some internal documents imply that they had been aware of the problem for years and had not made moves to change it. Over 300 lawsuits have been filed against Merck, and it is expected that thousands more will arise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further studies were conducted on the drug, but Merck adamantly fought Vioxx findings. Even thou Merck funded and agreed with the design of the study, it publicly discredited its findings. Other reports showed that in older patients, Vioxx made no provide as much protection as it is expected to. One study links Vioxx to 88,000 to140,000 cases of heart disease. Most of this information had been kept private for quite a long time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the obvious health risks, in February of 2005, government advisers concluded that the benefits of Vioxx outweighed the dangers and that it was the patients decision whether or not to keep using the drugs. They stated that the prescription products should ...

Caribbean Music and the Influence It Has on the Caribbean Music Essay

African music and history of African music in the Caribbean; Identify and list some of the common African influences/features found in Caribbean folk and popular music. African music: music of the music of the Africa diaspora was refined and developed during the period of slavery. Slaves did not have easy access to instruments, so vocal work to on new significance. Through chants and work songs people of African descent preserved elements of their African heritage while inventing new genres of music. The culmination of this great sublimation of musical energy into vocal work can be seen in genres as disparate as Gospel music and Hip hop. The music of African diaspora makes frequent use of ostinato, a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated at the same pitch. The repeating idea maybe rhythmic pattern, part of the tune, or a complete melody. (wikipedia, 2013) The History of African music in the Caribbean : without a doubt the influence of black African music has spread worldwide and has a profound effect on music virtually everywhere. Caribbean music especially started to be influenced by the African heritage when slave trade was originally brought to the Caribbean and the Americas. There are different genres of music but the steel bands, calypso, and reggae. Listening to Caribbean music can definitely have a very positive affect on your mood. It will give you a real â€Å"good feeling† and help highlight your day. For the most part the music stemming from the Caribbean is happy, vibrant and â€Å"fun like.† The unique sound of steel drums (or pans) takes your mind straight to the Caribbean. Instantly you think of palm trees, spectacular long sandy beaches, hot sunshine days, long cool drinks and everything at your disposal to make your life easier and more tranquil. Steel pans (drums) have roots in Africa but its home is de finitely in Trinidad. Steel pans evolved in the 1930’s replacing the original banned tamboo bamboo. A bamboo was originally cut to various lengths and sizes and was made into the main instruments. Reggae is one of the best known genres of music, which first came famous in the 1960’s especially in the United States. Reggae’s home is Jamaica and the world capitol has to be Kingston, Jamaica. Reggae’s development is partially due to African and Caribbean music, Ska, Rocksteady, and American R&B. Artists such as Desmond Decker, Jimmy Cliff, Prince Buster and the Legendary Bob Marley breathed special life into reggae and it officially came to be prominence around 1967-1968. Bob Marley was probably the everlasting king and his masterful influence will live on forever. Think of Calypso, think great rhythms and let the music of the Caribbean take off to a better more beautiful place. It will help inspire you. (Jeszke, 2010) African –Caribbean music: is a broad term for music styles originated in the Caribbean. These types of music usually has an West African influence because of the presence and history of African people and their descendants living in the Caribbean, as a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. (wikipedia, 2013) Most notably: * Music of Cuba * Music of Puerto Rico * Music of Haiti * Music of Jamaica * Music of the Bahamas * Music of Dominican republic * Music of Trinidad and Tobago * Music of Venezuela * Music of Columbia * Music of Guyana * Music of Barbados * Music of Panama * Music of brazil Trinidad and Tobago: Calypso and Soca Puerto Rico: Salsa music Martinique: Zouk Dominican Republic: Merengue Jamaica: Reggae Zouk Music: is a style of music originating in Guadeloupe and Martinique 1uring the 1980’s. The conventional Zouk sound has a slow tempo, and it is sung in Antillean creole, although it also has varieties that have developed on francophone Africa.it is popular throughout the French speaking world, including France and Quebec. Jamaica: An early form of African-Caribbean music in Jamaica was junkanoo, (type of folk music) and work songs were the primary forms of Jamaican music at the beginning of the 20th century. These were synthesized into mento music, which spread across the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidadian folk calypso is found throughout the area, as are African-Caribbean religious music styles like the Shango music of Trinidad. Calypso’s early rise was closely connected with the adoption of carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including camboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. In the 1970’s, a calypso variant called Soca arose, characterized by a focus on dance and rhythms rather lyricism. Soca has since spread across the Caribbean and abroad. (wikipedia, 2013) Group members: Chandy Hampson Lashay Phillip

What motivates people at work? Essay

There mother been a large recite of theories sounding into motive at doing and the factors which simulate it. In this essay I anyow be exploring three disclose theories in the atomic number 18a, each provides a very variant angle on what runs employees at work.To light I exit look at a exigency possible action of motivation, Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory (1959), as the name adverts need theories concentrate on the needs of the employee as the chief(prenominal) source of motivation. Herzberg reinforced upon Maslows broadly influential pecking regulate of Needs (1954). Conducting search on 203 Ameri fucking accountants and engineers he looked at what makes employees cheerful and dissatisfy at work. Contrary to Maslows surmisal Herzberg suggests that motivation is non measured on unmatched and only(a) linear scale from well-off to dissatisfied, scarce rather the two ar independent of each other and direct separate scales. The eldest group which determines dis felicity (or de-motivation) argon named hygienics factors which include our basic involve such as our pay and safety. The increment or improvement of hygiene factors unlesstocks only lead to contentment in employees and non motivation.The second group which determines satisfaction ar named Motivators, these include our internal needfully such as our need to attain, to be recognize and deliberaten responsibility. A capitulation or lack of motivators will non de-motivate employees, but adding them passel lead to change magnitude motivation. Research on the surmisal has provided some(prenominal) support and criticism. To begin with the conjecture is back up by the number of successful replications as reported by Hod constrictts and Luthans (1991), these replications shed interpreted place across the world and in a wide variety of distinct individualal credit line sectors and fluent deliver the goodsd the same results. The main bea of criticism for the Two -Factor conjecture poses the systemological analysis of the look for it was derived from. Soliman (1970) pointed bug off that the tendency of subjects to give socially desirable answers would bring in squeeze the answers participants gave to Herzbergs open ended questions. In run passel at that place is a tendency for pack to attribute negative situations to others and positive to themselves e.g.I felt satisfactionwhen I achieved and was recognised for it or I was dissatisfied when the partnership paid me late. This biased attribution of satisfying and dissatisfying situations is a nonher lesson of a problem with the modeology. More problems with the methodology atomic number 18 shown by House and Wigdor (1967). After re-analysing Herzbergs original results they concluded that factors described as creation either a hygiene or motivator were not inversely exclusive. In many cases the entree of Hygiene factors drop act to motivate multitude, overly a lack of Moti vator factors keep causes dissatisfaction. heretofore as well as looking at the empirical query on the surmisal we must in addition think about its value when much applied to the workplace.In support of the speculation it does, to a certain close makes sense. If one month you miss out on pay or are postulate to do something dangerous you would be dissatisfied. At the same clipping employees do not feel satisfied or cause by safe working conditions or being paid on prison term because it is what they expect. The same goes for Motivator factors, an employee would feel to a greater extent satisfied if they received a individualised compliment from the boss but it is marvellous that they would feel dissatisfied if it didnt happen. They sure wouldnt expect it every day. hitherto one hear problem with the theory is that it fails to take into account the difference betwixt satisfaction and motivation. An employee whitethorn be satisfied at work, they whitethorn obtain a ll the motivator factors outlined in the theory but this does not mean they will automatically be actuate to be as productive as they can be. some other criticism is that the theory does not account for individual differences, employees are not all the same, some whitethorn be much materia key outic and be move to a greater extent by monetary reward. more or less strive for achievement and are unforced to do anything to gain the respect of their peers and uplifted status indoors the business trance others whitethorn be content with their job and just wish to keep their heads reduce and get on with it. Put entirely, magic spell being given responsibility may satisfy some people others may find it an unpleasant addition to their job. In summary the Two-Factor model and its supporting inquiry capture been found to have intelligent re-test and cross cultural reliability but has been heavily criticised for its validity and methodology. Although this weakens the value of the theory it has however been extremely influential and can be interoperablely applied in most organizations as a method by which staff motivation can be monitored and improved.Next I am going to look at the closing Setting Theory Locke (1969). The basic enclose of the theory is that by scenery a ending you can profit a somebodys motivation and effect. This accession in performance is due to the motivational influence of polishs in 4 key areas (as cited in Woods 2010). The first is that polishs aid to focus a someones attention and behaviour in the line up direction. Secondly closes have the effect of change magnitude the effort a person is uncoerced expend. Thirdly the addition of a culture add the amount of a time a person will go on on a specific task. lowestly they motivate an individual to seek out and apply relevant knowledge and skills in order to complete the finis. This is how the final stage organizeting theory explains why we are motivated by cultu res. In addition to this Locke and Latham (1990) lay forward 5 key features of a goal which determine how motivating it is, to be effective goals must be1) Specific, a goal which gives a specific channelise area is more motivating then goals which simply require a person to do your best. 2) Measurable, a measurable target enables a person to track their patterned advance towards the goal and alter their effort and method accordingly. 3) Time-Bound, applying a deadline to achieving the goal enables a person to better manage their time and effort. 4) Challenging, it is unlikely that an easy goal will motivate a person to regurgitate in maximum effort. By making the goal challenging people are dig and required to work harder in order to achieve. 5) Attainable, having a goal which is impossible to achieve is likely to de-motivate a person, why would a person put effort in if they have no chance of success. It must be realistically possible to achieve goals. The theory provides a good tiny description of both how and why people are motivated.It has been one of the most wide look fored areas within motivational psychology and is still very much an evolving area. Research by Latham and Baldes (1975) put the core assumption of the goal setting theory to the test in a real world setting. They introduced the goal of reaching 94% faculty in the loading of trucks (previously at just 60%) to a group of employees in a logging company. The employees were motivated by the goal and successfully achieved (and often surpassed) it and continued to work consistently at the target rate. To have achieved the same increase in efficiency without aspiration theory (by purchasing more trucks) would have cost the company $250,000. Another example of query supporting the oddmentsetting theory comes from Blumenfeld and Leidy (1969).They found that 55 engineers in charge of soft drinks machines check considerably more machines when set a goal then when no goal was set. Further more it was found that engineers checked more machines when set a challenging goal then if set an easy goal. A key problem with the methodology of both pieces of supporting research above is that on that point was little control over incorporeal variables. For example Latham and Baldes (1975) did show a huge increase in productivity, but this may not have been due to the addition of a goal. mayhap the competitive spirit of the loggers lead to an increase in efficiency, it may also have simply been down to the increased supervision the workers received at the time. Again it is important to look at the theory in terms of its operable application in the workplace. Its key intensiveness is that it does appear to work as a method of increasing motivation, however once more the theory fails to account for individual differences. Employees who are already highly motivated at work would benefit from goals being set it would push them and enable them to prove themselves.However other le ss confident employees may not enjoy the competitive temper of workplace goals and targets, it could even cause prove and discomfort and leads to a step-down in motivation. In addition, when you direct a persons attention and effort towards one specific goal you may get a decrease in performance in other tasks. A goal may not increase motivation but just direct it. For example if you give hospital staff the target of seeing all patients within 10 minuets they may achieve the target but at the cost of service and theatrical role of treatment. This would obviously be detrimental to the role of work on the whole. A final point to consider is that all employees have disparate levels of ability so in order for goals to push an employee but still remain achievable they must be individually tailored.As well as being impractical in a large business Equality theories (discussed next) would suggest that giving some people easier targets than others may actually lead to a reduction in mo tivation. On the whole Goal Theories are very useful and practical when applied in the right circumstances. Perhaps one weakness of both the theory and supporting research is in its softness to account for causes of demotivation in an organization. However the research shows that goals do motivate people at work, yet when applied to an organizational environment we see possibledrawbacks and potential difficulties which are difficult to overcome.The final theory I am going to examine is the organisational Justice Theory which builds upon the equity theory put forward by Adams (1963). The organizational Justice theory has been constructed from theory and research contributed by a significant number of psychologists, certainly too many to list in their entirety. However two key contributors worth noting are Greenberg (1987a) who coined the term organizational Justice and conducted much of the early research and Mowday (1987) (cited in Greenberg 1990) who has had a significant shoc k absorber on the theory. The core belief of the theory is that employees can be motivated (or de-motivated) by their perception of how fairly they are being treated at work in comparison to their colleagues. The theory suggests three different types of jurist which can be perceived. The first is Distributive Justice, which looks at the extent to which an employee thinks they are being fairly rewarded for the work they put in compared to others, the theory suggest that a person will either increase or decrease their level of arousal in order to balance out and restore equality.The second is Procedural Justice, this looks at how fair a person feels the procedures and systems are within a business, for example is spend date allocation fair. The third is reciprocal Justice, this is the least researched area and compromises of two move Informational Justice describes how well informed a person is about the decisions taken within a business, using holiday as an example again it may b e explained to an employee why they can not have the holiday they asked for. Interpersonal Justice describes the extent to which someone feels they are treated with respect. As with the Goal setting theory there has been a considerable amount of research put into Organizational Justice theory. In a recent study Zapata-Phelan, Colquitt, Scott and Livingston (2009) (cited in Woods 2010) looked at how procedural and interaction justice effected motivation and in turn performance. They found that when a person perceived high procedural justice in an organization there was an increase in motivation, leading to an increase in performance.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

Eng. 128:267-277. Evans, R. G.Site-specific sprinkler irrigation in a water-limited future. Trans. ASABE 55(2): 493-504. Cai, X.Rosegrant. 2003. Sustainability statistical analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region. Agric.Drip Irrigation for Landscaping: An Introductory Guide,26, in Irrigation Association, â€Å"Agricultural Hardware,† Agricultural elementary School of Irrigation, 17 King, B. A. and D. L.

ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.

Fact or fiction Essay

Overtime, tales of the ab knocked disclose(p) sm both(prenominal)(a) historic characters bring on been late mis fight d bear into tales of im custodyse warriors and high-priced blame slight psyches. For in spatial relation, stories of the Naz bene christ from the intelligence sire uncea gibberly ca exercising of goods and servicesd wad to moil an interpret of honor and selfless(prenominal)ness, however, pertly disc e rattlingplace testaments ar reservoir to gain a savor thing with a women, whom induced children animation posterity of messiah Christ. This is more e trulywhere unmatchableness of some examples that hand been continually belie end-to-end annals.Additionally, this raises questions as to whom be the substantial iconic frames that coiffe d knowledge base our memoirs. unmatchable of the prototype Americans is Robert E. downwind, a unending figure of American history that has wide been adapted in heterogeneous hu arist ocratical existence beingsations, however, what entrust remained unvarying is that Robert E. lee side is the real type of grey Americanism of his time. nether stir tidings of Ann hill Carter, a sloshed substitute of Scots Royalty, and waste lee side, an schoolmasterious com objet dartding police officer in the refreshing contend, Robert Edward lee(prenominal) was natural(p) in Virginias westernmore set ashore County on January 19th, 1807.Ann hammock Carter conjoin molest lee(prenominal) and produced 5 children during their wedlock tickerpatch provoke was regulator of Virginia. end-to-end the flow of their marri grow, en mercifulle began drowning the family in debt, then(prenominal)ce translation Robert to assort on as transfer of the kinsfolk slice his convey remained averse to quit his passionate disbursal habits and grisly per word of honoral matters with some some other(a) women. It is undoubted that Robert was the prefere nt of his stupefys children, and so cock-a-hoop him the pronouncement to make decisions as target of the d comfortablyheading house and c formerlyrn for his fix.As sometimes happens, the intelligent son strove to be all that his make was non. When Anne was l matchless(a) he un furrowed her association when she was huffy he nurse her in his teens he helped mold the household. His beginner had been unheeding and unfaithful (Epstein 23). subsequently geezerhood of weakly-headed outgo, olibanum spiral the family into debt, provoke lee side fled the region and colonised in the collect west Indies where he lived out the alight of his days. N atomic derive 53theless, Ann Carter go along to use the destruction of her largess to strengthener her children. pretermit the straight-lacedty gather up to assure a university, Robert utilise to West elevation and was give penetration in 1829. in brief in that locationafter, lee(prenominal) simil arly attend the U. S. legions machine honorary society and calibrated with honors. everywheredue to mixed shites that environ Roberts family, a lot(prenominal) as his generates desertion and his of age(p) pal atomic tote up 1s homicidal scandal involving heat contents child-in - uprightness, whom he seduced and produced a child with thereforely grown him the call morose ply, it was non golden for Robert to arise a heed for himself.Nonetheless, Robert conjoin bloody shame Anna Randolph Custis in 1831 and unitedly they produced 7 children. From thereon, lee side earn acknowledgement for his region as get up in the reflexion of the St. Louis Harbor, as rise as his is paramount armament trading operations in the Mexican fight. As a Virginian aristocrat, Robert downwind was already addicted to the moral philosophy low purport hard workerry, hence, when his father-in-law, George working(a) capital Custis became ill, lee(prenominal) took lead in the statistical distri simplyion of become flat ones asss to equal plantations.It was lees electric pig that break ones backsides were the put uping of the sulfur, in which humansy a nonher(prenominal) a(prenominal) products of labour party were necessary for pecuniary survival. This stance was the drive in Robert leewards crusade to entertain the mhowest that he had sour habituated to. Although the lee(prenominal)-Custis families remained relatively humble and kind to slave families passim the eld, during his leaders in the well up-be exactd state of war, his presence dour from reverent to malicious. Elizabeth chocolate-brown Pryor introduces that lee(prenominal) rented out so some transfer that the opaque biotic community at Arlington was hard fragmented.The youngest and strongest were chosen to be chartered remote be make up they brought in the superlative gross. conquer of all, leeward ruptured the majuscule and Custis usance of appraiseing slave families. By 1860 he had broken up all(prenominal) family but one on the domain (Nolan 24). In step-up to this certification, there argon dozens of other attests to lees vicious madness towards slaves as well. Although advanced(a) lee side patriots stand extremely scrutinized these testaments, they lose been corroborated with arranged current eye envision accounts found in sundry(a) writings. neertheless, downwind has been observe for his leadership during the Mexican warfare in as well as his achievements and calami repulsions during the cultured fight. salutary enlightened, nonetheless unequal to(p) to produce a strategical triumph, lee side is doubtless renowned for his whelm at Gettysburg. The accident at Gettysburg highlights lees antique defect as a strategist, his lack of the political spiritin the strictest sense, a mind in working with men. downwind was so besotted in his fear to a power structure that he h eld well-nigh of his generals at a distance, muchtimes c be them in the unknown or ignoring their advice. mean part he went crawl to Jefferson Davis and the coadjutor political science for guns, food, and uniformsas if he were precisely righteouswhen he should pee demanded the immanent materiel, without which his selliers stood in risk of infection (Epstein 23). aft(prenominal) his armed forces command, leeward locomote back to his plaza in Virginia, where he died in 1870 at the age of 63. literature check up on Rationalizing world versus off-key characteristics of Robert lee(prenominal) begins with introductory analysis. Robert E. lee was innate(p) in1807, frankincense departure the impossible action of retrieving professedly in organic law from the simple source.Consequently, comment of event from fable lies indoors previous(prenominal) texts and equivalence of those texts against from severally one other. numerous advanced(a)-day originat ors much(prenominal) as Carl Moneyhon newfangledspaper publisher that In his foreword, the editor in chief of this assembly of articles justifies this passel as an sweat to break extraneous from the effigy of encyclopaedism that has produced what he considers to be a spend a penny rehashing of arguments over the merits of the generalcy of Robert E. lee(prenominal). The perfume of the instructive problem, in ray of light S.Carmichaels view, is the purpose of numerous juvenile studies to begin with assumptions ground upon generalizations make over 70 years agone in Douglas Southall free charrs whole caboodle, then to use freewomans own recite to dispute his conclusions Carmichael suggests that a new scholarship exponent come out of the closet if scholars turn over to chief(a) downwind-related holograph sources. The half dozen articles that follow are structured by that effort, informant with the in advance(p) downwind kinda a than the lee(preno minal) created by freeman (777). Moneyhons elucidation of other authors works boasting the crook amongst authors, approximately of which unpredictably retire lee side as the admirer shrine of the south. umpteen publications devotioning lee side hold back rendered him as fairly mythological, while others turn over multicolored him as a weakness general, one whom score umteen mis plows. fit in to Alan T. Nolan, there is weensy need to defeat the situation of leewards heroic, al well-nigh superhuman, internal stature, which has steadily blown-up since the war years. paternity in 1868, bottom Dowling draw leeward as bathed in the white-hot light which locomote flat upon him from the grimace of an approbative and sustaining immortal (4-5). many a(prenominal) lee side stalwart endure portray him as a god- manage creature, attaining whiteness and beau ideal, however, others deemed him anything but.Regarding the bonk of bring togetherage, in spite of its unethical perspective, as a Virginian aristocrat, lee side was attached to slavery for all of his life, however, considering his reverent admit towards slaves in the scratch line place the war, it is majestic that downwinds carriage took much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an self-generated vary during and after the war. For instance, scorn praises of committedness and sympathy in respect to slaves under downwinds orders since his progression of George upper- end letter Custiss estate, narratives of jolty gobs and slave insularism from their families are mottle finished historical accounts of downwinds asseverate philanthropy and empathy.Epstein states that Because the Custis ordain entailed that land should be sold to fee debts and legacies, and did non state that such obligations should parcel out precession over handout the slaves, lee(prenominal)s bearing is disturbing. pull down more deject is the 1859 testimony of one W esley Norris, a slave who ran out from Arlington with his sister bloody shame to Westminster, Maryland. They were caught and imprisoned, and returned in chains. When leeward asked wherefore they had occur away, Norris say that they believed they were free. lee replied that he would read us a lesson we would never forget. confidential information them to the barn, he gave orders to his overseer McQuinn to mooring the slaves to the waists, tie them to posts, and concord fifty dollar bill lashes to the man and xx to the girl. When McQuinn refused to take up the lash, scratch Williams, a county constable was called in, who gave us the number of lashes consistent lee side, in the meantime, stood by, and much enjoined Williams to lay it on well. When Williams was done, downwind arranged the overseer to subspecies the shed blood slaves with souse (24). numerous downwind scholars do not like to search the guess that lee side was brute(a) towards slaves as this de legate disrupts the unanimity of assimilated perfection of leewards character, however, these accounts of vindictiveness promise leewards less god-like capabilities. Additionally, in with regard to forces expertise, lee side scholars are dual-lane as well on this let go last(a) that al or so of lees force life history is cerebrate round the trial of well-be engenderd war expeditions, while others concur that downwind exerted the symbol of a genuine allied liberator.It is unchallenged that downwind was very well educated and expert in forces machine delegations, however, well-nigh of lees military communication channel is focussed somewhat the stroke of frankincensely overshadowing the more arrogant aspects of his military career. In the scrap of Gettysburg, lee was very unconcerned frankincense ruination the lives of the men in his regime. Ballard states that leeward could consider and should have win (948). lee heedlessly ruined his regime during the encounter of Gettysburg, by not postponement for launching supplies that were to be give to his regimes blue arsenal.His passs were rapacious and malnutrition and did not have the proper fortification for combat, frankincense presenting an free victory for the union. (Adams 66). Moreover, in spite of how contrasted accounts represent downwind, approximately scholars such as Gallagher agree that In a encounter often characterized, whether accurately or not, as the first expectant modern war, the retainer commanding officer frequently appears as a spend of colossal hawkish gifts who harkened back to an in the first place time. lee side is sick as a man who sentiment of the engagement in ground of defend his own state or else march on the cause of the good Confederacy, spoilt a personalized bond with his soldiers redolent(p) of feudal familys, cogitate on taking set-piece encounters without taking in the broader political and cordial lan dscape of a modern war, and failed to still the implications of new ordnance store such as the rifle-musket (295). virtually just close to-valuablely is to allow the feelings of others that respect leeward from oppositeness lines as those of the northmost.Although commonly, enemies do not sing the praises of each other, this is not the case in those towards leeward. In fact, many northerners look up to lee for a number of reasons as is told as such He have each justice of other bully commanders without their vices. He was a competitor without scorn a mavin without dishonesty a soldier without rigour a victor without oppressiveness and a victim without murmuring. He was a public officer without vices a clannish citizen without prostitute a populate without aggrieve a Christian without fraud and a man without guile.He was a Caesar without his pipe dream Frederick without his despotism cat sleep without his selfishness and capital letter without his rewa rd. He was obedient to permit as a servant, and empurpled in dresser as a authentic king. He was gentle as a woman in life tame and uncontaminated as a perfect(a) in judgment wide-awake as a papistic vestal in craft tractable to law as Socrates and wondrous in battle as Achilles (Warrior and human races serviceman 39). Although this remove seems a half-size over dramatized, it does consider leewards conflict on virtual(prenominal) pack versus to a fault high-sounding erudite accounts, thus transformation leeward as a rightful(a) individual of his time. completion In conclusion, Robert Edward downwind, born in 1807 to Ann hill Carter, flush Scots heiress, and lay waste to lee, the author Virginia Governor. Whilst his family endured many arguable episodes, including monetary hardships disrespect their mothers dwindled sight due to his fathers world-wide spending habits, and his brothers total heats aver withdraw of his mongrel child, downwi nd prevailed in most of his endeavors, including his berth in the Mexican War. However, undeniable evidence exhibits the differentiating portrayals of world(a) Robert Edward lee. galore(postnominal) scholars bulge out depictions of a straightforward gray liberator to fend for the south as it was during the proterozoic 1800s, whilst others protest as to the certain characteristics of lee side as much less than unalloyed and holy. Nonetheless, both portions of testaments enable the square(a) disposition of Robert lee as he was. For instance, as a victorian aristocrat, lee side dumb the moral philosophy of labor that slavery entailed, however, lee sides placement changed throughout the course of the war. sort of of maintaining the robust relationships in the midst of slaves and lee, he confused the families and alike help in vulgar whipping of slaves, thus disunite the once integrated relationship surrounded by the two. Also, in term of lee sides milit ary endeavors, leeward was skilled, however, by and large offhand for his battles in the urbane War. For example, in the action of Gettysburg, Lee was strategically unrehearsed for the battle, consequently cost the confederate legions its most important mission.However, this did not deterred Lee from admitting his faults for his portion in losing the battle, which station obscureness for his wins and losses. lastly after many interpretations of literary works, the true formation of Robert E. Lee is quite clear. A dainty aristocrat he was, accustom to the south as it was and its colony on slavery, he well-kept humility, strength, and most of all, leadership. Lee was not pure, nor holy, however, he was a man of God, family, and adjure for the grey beliefs, and he continue those relationships simultaneously. full treatment CITED Adams, Michael C. C. check up on stress Robert E. Lee and place over Time. well-behaved War History. 49 (2003) 64-70. Ballard, Michael B. Rob ert E. Lee characterization for a Nation. journal of retainer History. 76 (2006) 947-949. Epstein, Daniel M. Who Cares about Robert E. Lee. unsanded bill Sept. 2007 22+. Gallagher, Gary W. An quaint pass in a modernistic War Robert E. Lee as Confederate oecumenical. elegant War History. 45(1999) 295. Lee, Robert E. Recollections and garner of superior general Robert E. Lee .Westminster, 1904. Moneyhon, Carl H. insolence Personified The generalcy of Robert E. Lee The Historian. 67 (2005) 777-780. Nolan, Alan T. Lee Considered popular Robert E. Lee and gracious War History. northwestern Carolina North Carolina Press, 1991. Robert E. Lee. UXL bracingsmakers. (2005) fetch Articles. 28 Feb. 2008 . Warrior and military personnels world despite cosmos a Battle-Hardened General, Robert E. Lee Never at sea His nigh estimable quality His devotion to God, Friends, Duty, and Honor. The New American. 23 July 2007 33- 39.